Metabolism

Why Study Metabolism?

Classification of bacteria
Oxygen Tolerance Biochemical reactions
Acids, Ammonia, Gases

Fermentation Products
Food Products
Yogurt, Sour Cream, Bread, Alcohol

Commercial Products
Citric Acid, Plastics

Environmental Cleanup
Chapter 5

Ying & Yang of Metabolism

Metabolism = Anabolism + Catabolism Photosynthesis requires Respiration Respiration requires Photosynthesis Energy Production = Energy Consumption

Chapter 5

Breakdown
Proteins to Amino Acids, Starch to Glucose

Synthesis
Amino Acids to Proteins, Glucose to Starch

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Overview of Metabolism
Source of Energy (Photo- vs. Chemotroph)
Source of Electrons Carrier of Electrons Final Electron Acceptor

Source of Carbon (Auto- vs. Heterotroph)

Auto- : Carbon Dioxide Hetero- : Organic Compounds

Chapter 5

Classification based on Metabolism

Where microbes get their energy?
Sunlight vs. Chemical Photo- vs. Chemo- trophs

How do they obtain carbon?

Carbon Dioxide (or inorganic cmpds.) vs. Organic Compounds (sugars, amino acids) Auto- vs. Hetero- trophs

Examples
Photoautotrophs vs. Photoheterotrophs Chemoautotrophs vs. Chemoheterotrophs
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Types of -trophs
Type
Photoauto-

Energy
Sun

C source
CO2

Example
Purple & Green sulfur bacteria Purple & Green Nonsulfur bacteria H, S, Fe, N bacteria Most bacteria, fungi, protozoa, 5 Chapter animals

Photohetero-

Sun

Organic Compounds

Chemoauto-

Chemical bonds

CO2 Organic Compounds

Chemohetero- Chemical bonds

Source of Electrons
Autotrophs
Photosynthesis H2O, H2S

Chemotrophs
Organic Compounds Carbohydrates (C H2O)
Glucose, Lactose, Sucrose, Mannitol, Citrate

Amino Acids

Chapter 5

Electron Carriers
Photosynthesis
NADP + H to NADPH

Respiration
NAD + H to NADH FAD + H to FADH

Contain Niacin and Riboflavin

Vitamins, not stable Cant store these molecules

Chapter 5

Final Electron Acceptor

Photosynthesis
CO2 + Hs to CH2O Stores energy

Respiration
Aerobic
1/2 O2 + H 2 to H2O

Anaerobic
Fermentation

Chapter 5

Movement of Electrons
Chemical reactions Oxidation Reactions Reduction Reactions Reactions Coupled
Redox reactions

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Example of Redox Equations

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Example of Redox Equations

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Example of Redox Equations

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Examples
ATP ADP + P ATP
Oxidation, release energy

ADP + P

Reduction, stores energy

NAD + H NADH FADH FAD + H NH4 + 11/2O2 NO2- +H2O + 2H + ATP 2H2 + O2 2H2 O

Chapter 5

Examples
Cellular Respiration
C6H12 O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + 38 ATP

Photosynthesis
6H2O + 6CO2 + light C6H12 O6 + 6O2

Nitrification
NH4 NO2 to NO3
Ammonia to Nitrite to Nitrate

Ammonification
N2 NH4
Chapter 5

Respiration
Overview;
Glucose to Carbon dioxide + Water +Energy C6H12O6 + O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP Glucose is highly reduced; contains energy Oxygen receives the electrons to form energy

4 separate reactions
Glycolysis, Transition Reaction, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport, Chemiosomosis

Requires Oxygen
Chapter 5

Steps in Respiration
Electron Donors
Organic Compounds (Glucose preferred)

Electron Carriers
NAD to NADH FAD to FADH

Electron Acceptors-Terminal
O2 to H2O

Phosphorylation Reactions
ADP to ATP

Chemiosmosis Reactions
Chapter 5

Glycolysis- 10 steps
Glucose is Phosphorylated to form Fructose 1,6-diphosphate Split to form 2 Glyceraldehyde 3phosphate Final Products are:
2 Pyruvic Acid (C3H4O3)
Compare to original glucose - C6H12O6

2 NADH 2 ATP

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Transition Reaction
Pyruvic Acid NADH C2H4O2 Acetyl - Co A + CO2 +

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Krebs Cycle
Figure E.3, A29 Acetyl CoA Carbon Dioxide
C2H4O2 to CO2 Energy produced/Acetyl CoA (x2 for /Glucose)
3 NADH 1 FADH 1 ATP

Metabolic Wheel
Fats, amino acids, etc. enter or leave Citrate is product of first reaction
Simmons Citrate Media
Chapter 5

Electron Transport Chain

NADH oxidized to NAD FAD reduced to FADH Cytochromes shuffle electrons finally to O2
Cytochrome Oxidase important in G - ID

H2O formed and ATP 3 ATP / 1 NADH 2 ATP / 1 FADH

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Fermentation Products from Pyruvate Homolactic = Lactic Acid

Yogurt, Lactobacillus

Alcohol + CO2 Propionic Acid Butyric Acid Acetic Acid Succinic Acid Butylene to Acetoin
basis for VP Test (Vogues-Proskauer)
Chapter 5

Fermentation Products
Alcohol and Carbon Dioxide
Yeast mostly

Lactic Acid
Humans, muscles without oxygen Bacteria (Lactobacillus-yogurt)

Butyric Acid
Rancid butter, Clostridium-gangrene

Acetoin
Butanediol fermentation in Klebsiella

Propionic Acid
Swiss Cheese
Chapter 5

Fermentation in Yeast

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Fermentation in Muscle

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Photosynthesis
Plants
CO2 + H2O + Light C6H12O6 + O2 Water is split to release electrons

Bacteria
H2S is used not water
Sulfur or Sulfuric Acid formed Oxygen not released

Chlorophyll is different Strict Anaerobe Purple & Green Sulfur Bacteria

Chapter 5

Chemiosmosis
Production of ATP in Electron Transport Electrochemical Gradient Formed between membranes H+ (Protons) generated from NADH Electrical Force (+) & pH Force (Acid) Gradient formed ATPase enzyme that channels H+ from High to Low concentration
3 ATP/NADH 2 ATP/NADH
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Summary of Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis Transition Rx. Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain

Anaerobic Respiration
Pyruvate
Lactic Acid Mixed Acids Alcohol + CO2

Recycle NADH 2 ATP / Glucose

Chapter 5