www

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What is Internet ?


The Internet is a gigantic collection of millions of computers, all linked together on a computer network. network. The network allows all of the computers to communicate with one another. A home computer may be linked to the Internet using a phone-line modem, DSL or cable phonemodem that talks to an Internet service provider (ISP) (ISP) A computer in a business or university will usually have a network interface card (NIC) that directly connects it to a local NIC) area network (LAN) inside the business (LAN) ISPs then connect to larger ISPs, and the fiberlargest ISPs maintain fiber-optic "backbones" for an entire nation or region In this way, every computer on the Internet is connected to every other computer on the Internet.
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Internet and WWW



The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used in every-day everyspeech without much distinction. However, the Internet and the World Wide Web are not one and the same Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks Web is one of the services that runs on the Internet

 

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Web Server Architecture

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Contd..


Clients use browser application to send URIs via HTTP to servers requesting a Web page Web pages constructed using HTML (or other markup language) and consist of text, graphics, sounds plus embedded files Servers (or caches) respond with requested Web page or with error message Clients browser renders Web page returned by server  Page is written using Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)  Displaying text, graphics and sound in browser  Writing data as well The entire system runs over standard networking protocols (TCP/IP, DNS,)
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Weakness of WWW
   

Needs to be connected to internet for any data reqd. No Reliability Speed It is extremely difficult for the server to maintain status information about a particular user. The Web is designed to service discrete transactions A user requests a file, the server ships it, then the connection is broken and the server forgets all about the user Finally, the handshaking that goes on between the browser and the server makes every interaction seem terribly slow

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WWW Browser


A web browser or Internet browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users to easily navigate their browsers to related resources. Although browsers are primarily intended to access the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by Web servers in private networks or files in file systems

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Function of Web Browser



Bring information resources to the user prefix of the URI determines how the URI will be interpreted most commonly used kind of URI starts with http: Some more are https: for HTTPS, ftp: for the File Transfer Protocol, and file: for local files.

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Web Browser Features

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Various Types of Browsers

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Web Server

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Behind the Scenes

 

If you entered http://www.yahoo.com/index.htm." The browser broke the URL into three parts:
  

The protocol ("http") The server name ("www.yahoo.com") The file name (index.htm")

The browser communicated with a name server to translate the server name "www.yahoo.com" into an IP Address, which it uses to connect to the server machine. Address, The browser then formed a connection to the server at that IP address on port 80. Following the HTTP protocol, the browser sent a GET request to the server, asking for the file "http://www.yahoo.com/index.htm." (Note that cookies may be sent from browser to server with the GET request. The server then sent the HTML text for the Web page to the browser. (Cookies may also be sent from server to browser in the header for the page.) The browser read the HTML tags and formatted the page onto your screen.

 

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Session Establishment


If you connect to a server that understands the HTTP protocol and tell it to "GET filename," the server will respond by sending you the contents of the named file and then disconnecting. Here's a typical session: %telnet www.yahoo.com 80 Trying 216.27.61.137... Connected to yahoo.com. Escape character is '^]'. GET http://www.yahoo.com/

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Before buying Web Server

Operating System  Security  Scalability  Support  Cost


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Hardware/Software Requirement for Web Server



Disk Placement Counts : Linux iostat utility to count disk latency Not CPU Intensive RAM Should be Large Apache, Iplanet, Windows 2003 Server, free softwares, Open Source Softwares

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Serial Line Internet Protocol



Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) is the protocol which TCP/IP uses when operating through a serial connection. It is commonly used on dedicated serial links and dial-up connections dialThe Internet server provider may provide the user with a SLIP connection so that the provider's server can respond to requests, pass them on to the Internet and forwards requested Internet responses back to the user A SLIP connection needs to have its IP address configuration set each time before it is BCA III established

 

SLIP modifies a standard Internet datagram by appending a special SLIP END character to it which allows datagrams to be distinguished as separate The Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) is a mostly (SLIP) obsolete encapsulation of the Internet Protocol designed to work over serial ports and modem connections

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SLIP Configuration


There are two major SLIP-related programs available---dip and slattach. SLIPavailable---dip slattach. Both of these programs are used to initiate a SLIP connection over a serial device. It is necessary to use one of these programs in order to enable SLIP - This is because dip and slattach issue a special ioctl() system call to seize control of the serial device to be used as a SLIP interface. dip can be used to dial up a SLIP server, do some handshaking to login to the server (exchanging your username and password, for example) and then initiate the SLIP connection over the open serial line.

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Contd..


slattach, slattach, on the other hand, does very little other than grab the serial device for use by SLIP. It is useful if you have a permanent line to your SLIP server and no modem dialup or handshaking is necessary to initiate the connection. Most dialup SLIP users should use dip, on the other hand. dip can also be used to configure your Linux system as a SLIP server, where other machines can dial into your own and connect to the network through a secondary Ethernet connection on your machine. See the documentation and man pages for dip for more information on this procedure.

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Contd..


SLIP is quite unlike Ethernet, in that there are only two machines on the ``network''---the ``network''---the SLIP host (that's you) and the SLIP server. For this reason, SLIP is often referred to as a ``point-to-point'' connection. A generalization ``point-toof this idea, known as PPP (Point to Point Protocol) has also been implemented for Linux. When you initiate a connection to a SLIP server, the SLIP server will give you an IP address based on (usually) one of two methods. Some SLIP servers allocate ``static'' IP addresses---in which case your IP address will addresses---in be the same every time you connect to the server

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PPP Point to Point Protocol



In networking, the Point-to-Point Point-toProtocol, PPP, Protocol, or PPP, is a data link protocol commonly used in establishing a direct connection between two networking nodes. It can provide connection authentication, transmission, encryption privacy, and compression.

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Contd


High Speed Data Link Control for Packet Encapsulation Handles Synchronous and Asynchronous Communication Error Detection All above are absent in SLIP

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Dedicated 56 KBPS Line



Permanent Telecommunication Path to transmit data Also called as Private or leased line First leased line was offered by AT & T called as DDS (dataphone difital services) Requirement  Router  DSU  Leased line to Node

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ISDN


ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network Telephone services -> Telecommunication services Used for voice, image and data

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ISDN and OSI model



Layer 1 - Physical (2B1Q) Layer 2 - Data Link (Q.920 - Q.923) Layer 3 - Network (Q.930 - Q.939)

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ISDN Technology
Analog line Digital line
Telephone switch

Access server

Telephone switch

Modem

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Dial Up - Private
Internet ISDN Access server

ISDN connection Telephone Network

PC with internal or external ISDN adapter
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ISDN connection

Dial Up - LAN
Internet ISDN Access Server LAN ISDN connection Telephone Network ISDN connection ISDN router
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ISDN Adapters
Internal/external  Active/passive (for internal)  Integrated NT  Plug for telephone line  Integrated modem  Synchronous PPP (with CHAP/PAP authentication)

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ISDN Routers
Integrated NT  Plug for telephone line  Integrated modem  Synchronous PPP (with CHAP/PAP authentication)  PPP Multilink  Compression (Stac,)  Tarrif management

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Advantages of ISDN
 

Digital


reliable connection 128 kb/s (160 kb/s) for BRI 1920 kb/s (2048 kb/s) for PRI 2 seconds

Speed
 

   

Fast call setup



Can connect to 8 Terminals 2 Call setups Simultaneously Supports Voice and Data
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ISDN Services


Basic Rate Interface



128 kbit/s service delivered over a pair of standard telephone copper wires The interface specifies the following network interfaces: The U interface is a two-wire interface between the exchange and a network terminating unit, which is usually the demarcation point in non-North American networks. The T interface is a serial interface between a computing device and a terminal adapter, which is the digital equivalent of a modem. The S interface is a four-wire bus that ISDN consumer devices plug into; the S & T reference points are commonly implemented as a single interface labeled 'S/T' on an Network termination 1 (NT1). The R interface defines the point between a non-ISDN device and a terminal adapter (TA) which provides translation to and from such a device.
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Contd


Primary Rate Interface



2048 kbit/s

Broadband ISDN
handle high-bandwidth applications high Messaging services  Retrieval services  No user control of presentation  Conversational services

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WHY BACKUP DATA ?



In Worst case Scenario such as below :

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Backup Methods

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BACKUP


Local Backup Internet Backup Backup Software's  Schedule  Automatic

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Recovery


Data recovery is the process of salvaging data from damaged, failed, corrupted, or inaccessible secondary storage media when it cannot be accessed normally Recovery may be required due to physical damage to the storage device or logical damage

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Data Recovery Scenarios



Operating system (OS) failure DiskDisk-level failure "deleted" from a storage medium deleted"

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Recovery techniques
  

Hardware repair Disk Imaging Recovering from logical (non-hardware) damage (non Power failure  Linux comes with fsck facility Consistency Checking (chkdsk)  Restores OS by removing previous installation Data Carving  Searches for chunks of data e.g file
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Server Testing


Common use of the of the server test is to verify that the server is available, responds to specific requests and to measure its response time. The Server test verifies the availability and measures the response time of any TCP/UDP based web service connected to the Internet. Server tests include HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SMTP, POP3, IMAP, SSH, Telnet, DNS and Custom services.

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END

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