Chapter 1

Introduction to Forensic Science

Why Forensic Science

Many people want to be able to solve problems and puzzles to be a detective Science has been proven to be an important tool in answering difficult problems Lastly, there has been an explosion among high school and college students in the study of forensic science

Forensic Science

Forensic Science is the application of science to those criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system.

Forensic science is a multidisciplinary subject, drawing principally from chemistry and biology, but also from physics, geology, psychology, social science, etc.

The term evidence implies anything that tends to disprove or establish a fact of the case.

History and Development

 Sherlock Holmes is a famous, brilliant, fictional detective of the late 19th century, created by British author and physician Arthur Conan Doyle.

Sherlock Holmes
Applied the principles of serology Fingerprinting Fire-arm identification Questioned-document examination

Timeline
http://www.forensicdna.com/Timeline020702.pdf. The Forensic Science Timeline can also be found as an appendix in our recently published book Principles and Practice of Forensic Science: The Profession of Forensic Science http://forensicdna.com/Bookstore/index.html See also the Forensic Science Bibliography http://forensicdna.com/Bibliography.html This is a work in progress Please e-mail comments and suggestions http://forensicdna.com/~emailforms/emailtimeline.html This work is copyright of Norah Rudin and Keith Inman

Timeline
AD 66: Nero murders his wife and presents her head on a dish to his mistress. She identifies the head as Neros wife by two discolored front teeth. 1149: King Richard I of England creates the job of coroner to investigate questionable deaths.

Timeline
1732: Luigi Galvanio discovers that the human nervous system transmits information electrically; this is the basis of current lie detection equipment.

Timeline
1879: Alphonse Bertillon, a French police employee, devised the first system of personal identification. This science was called anthropometry in which a systematic procedure of taking a series of body measurements can be the means of distinguishing one individual from another. He is known as the father of criminal identification

Timeline
1892: (Sir) Francis Galton published Fingerprints, the first comprehensive book on the nature of fingerprints and their use in solving crime. His work went on to describe the basic principles that form the present system of identification by fingerprints.

Timeline
1903: At Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary, Kansas, Will West, a new inmate, was initially confused with a resident convict William West using anthropometry. They were later (1905) found to be easily differentiated by their fingerprints. For a historical clarification, please see http://www.scafo.org/library/110105.htm

Edmond Locard Accomplishments

1904: Locard published L'enquete criminelle et les methodes scientifique, in which appears a passage that may have given rise to the forensic precept that Every contact leaves a trace.

Timeline
1957: The growth stages of skeletal bones are identified by Americans Thomas Mocker and Thomas Stewart, forming the basis of forensic anthropology.

Timeline
1977: Fuseo Matsumur, a trace evidence examiner at the Saga Prefectural Crime Laboratory of the National Police Agency of Japan, notices his own fingerprints developing on microscope slides while mounting hairs from a taxi driver murder case. He relates the information to coworker Masato Soba, a latent print examiner. Soba would later that year be the first to develop latent prints intentionally by Superglue fuming. (1977): The FBI introduced the beginnings of its Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) with the first computerized scans of fingerprints.

Timeline
1978: Britains Yorkshire Ripper case highlights the value of computers in investigating serial killings and leads to the development of psychological profiling techniques in the following decade. 1979 Bite mark evidence is key in convicting serial killer Theodore Ted Bundy. 1984: (Sir) Alec Jeffreys developed the first DNA profiling test. It involved detection of a multilocus RFLP pattern. He published his findings in Nature in 1985.

Timeline
1987: DNA profiling was introduced for the first time in a U.S. criminal court. Based on RFLP analysis performed by Lifecodes, Tommy Lee Andrews was convicted of a series of sexual assaults in Orlando, Florida.

The United States

FBI Laboratory is the largest forensics lab in the world. FBIs Forensic Science Research and Training Center was opened in 1981
This facility is dedicated to conducting research in order to develop new and reliable scientific techniques and methods

Reasons for Growth

Changing judicial requirements Increase in crime rates Advent of DNA profiling

Services of the Crime Laboratory

 Because of the independent development of crime labs in the America, a wide variation of the total services offered at a forensic lab in a given community can be different than those in another community.
Variations in local laws Budgetary and staff limitations Different capabilities and functions of the organization to which the lab is attached

Basic Services
Physical Science department:
Applies the principles and techniques of:
Chemistry Physics Geology

Identify and compare crime-scene evidence

Drugs Glass Paint Explosives Soil

Basic Services
Biology Unit:
Biologists and biochemists
Identification and DNA profiling of dried bloodstains and other bodily fluids Comparison of hairs and fibers Identification and comparison of botanical materials
Wood Plants

Basic Services
Firearms Unit:
Examination of firearms, discharged bullets, cartridge cases, shotgun shells, and ammunition of all types. Also exam garments and other items
To detect firearm discharge residue Approximate the distance from a target at which a weapon was fired

The basic principles of firearm examination are also applied to the comparison of marks made by tools

Basic Services
Document Examination Unit:
Handwriting Typewriting
Used to ascertain source and/or authenticity

Analysis of paper and ink Examination of indented writings Obliterations Erasures Burned or charred documents

Other Units
Photography Unit:
Examine and record physical evidence Aids in the preparation of photographic exhibits for the courtroom presentations

Optional Services : Full-Service Crime Lab

Toxicology Unit:Examine body fluids and organs
Determine presence or absence of drugs or poison Training of operators of the Intoxilyzer (determines the alcoholic consumption of an individual)

Latent Fingerprint Unit Polygraph Unit

Optional Services : Full-Service Crime Lab

Voiceprint Analysis Unit:
Cases involving telephone threats or taperecorded messages Use of a sound spectrograph: an instrument that transforms speech into visual graphic display (voiceprint)

Evidence-Collection Unit:
Special trained personnel (civilian and/or police) that collect and preserve physical evidence from the crime scene

Other Forensic Sciences

 Forensic pathology Forensic anthropology Toxicology Odontology DNA Forensic botany Forensic Engineering Computer Forensics Impressions specialist Soil Analyst Forensic Entomologist

Document Analysis Hair/Fiber/Paint Analysis Ballistics Serology Trace Evidence Specialist Arson/Explosives Expert Fingerprints Forensic Vet