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CONFIDENTIAL
Tides
Document Dave Whitcombe Date
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Learning Outcomes
Tide Measurement Methods Tidal Levels and Datums Tidal Prediction Tidal Streams
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Bathymetry Data Produce charts/ Produce Charts/Maps Dredging of channels Save Vessel Navigation etc .
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Why Do We Need to Observe Tides? measure depth it is from a moving platform When we
A Vessel Mounted Echo Sounder The vessel will move relative to the seabed due to :Waves Tidal Rise and Fall We need to remove the effect of tide so as to:Establish a fixed height reference irrespective of:Time Date Geographical locations Changes in Sea Level
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Tide Generation
Due to Moon/Sun Gravitational Pull Moon Period 24 hours 50 mins Sun Period 24 hours Days Actual Tides Result from the Resultant Positions of Sun and Moon Complete Tidal Cycle 29 days
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N N
Sun/Moon
S
Earth
S
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Tidal Variation
Springs Neaps
Give Maximum Tidal Range Highest HW/Lowest LW
Neaps
Give Minimum Tidal Range Lowest HW/Highest LW
Equinox/Solstice
Sun/Moon on equal /opposite declination Maximum Range/Minimum Range 21st March/September - 21st June/December
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Earth
S
Moon
Sun
New Moon
Moon
Earth
S
Sun
Full Moon
Neaps
Sun
Last Quarter
Moon
Earth
S
Moon
1st Quarter
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Real Tides(1)
External Influences - Distortions Land/Coastline Weather Pressure - 10mb = 0.1m change in MSL Wind - Piling up against shore Storm Surges: Long Period/High Amplitude Seiches: Short Period/Low Amplitude Shallow Water Currents
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Real Tides(1)
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Resonance
Natural Period of Resonance Combination of Tidal Cycle + Resonance Atlantic - 12 hours = Semi-Diurnal Pacific - 24 hours = Diurnal N/S of 65o Tides are Diurnal but Gulf of Mexico = Diurnal North Cape Norway = Semi-Diurnal Semi-Diurnal Diurnal 2HW + 2LW per day
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Tidal Periods
25 hours HW Diurnal Tide LW
HW
HW
HW
LW
HW SemiDiurnal Tide
LW
LW
HW
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Tide Gauges
To measure Rise and Fall of Tide at a Fixed Location Tide Pole Float Gauge Bubbler Gauge Microwave/Acoustic Gauge For Offshore Tide Measurements U/W Pressure Transducer
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The UK national network of sea level gauges was established after violent storms in the North Sea in 1953 resulted in serious flooding in the Thames Estuary.
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The tide gauge is located on the south east corner of Waterloo Quay, Aberdeen Docks
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Tide Datum Related to Land Datum In UK = Ordnance Datum Newlyn Equivalent to MSL 1915-1921 - Has risen by ~0.15m MSL- Mean Sea Level Basic Reference level for all tidal measurements Obtained by:Mean of all Tide Readings over a long Period e.g. 30 days to 18.6 years MTL - Mean Tide Level NOT = MSL Mean of all HW and LW - not all tide readings
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Tidal Levels
MHWS/MLWS Mean High/Low Water Springs Maximum Tidal Range Occurring at Spring Tides MHWN/MLWN Mean High/Low Water Neaps Minimum Tidal Range Occurring at Neap Tides MHHW/MLLW Mean High High Water/Mean Low Low Water Where Tide is Diurnal
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Tidal Datums
LAT - Lowest Astronomical Tide Lowest Tide Level Predicted to Occur Due only to Astronomical Conditions - Not Weather Sounding Datum Height Level to Which Soundings are Reduced in the Field I.e. during the survey operations Chart Datum Height Level to Which Soundings are Reduced on the Chart I.e. as defined by Hydrographic Dept. Defined as level below which the tide will very seldom fall
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Reduction of Soundings
Zero Roll on Echo Sounder( set to seal level Transmission Mark (set at transducer depth Chart Datum Line Height of Tide
Reduced Sounding
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Charted Height Bench Mark Datum for Heights Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) Mean High Water Springs MHWS) Mean High Water Neaps (MHWN)
Height of Tide
Actual Sounding
Mean Low Water Neaps (MLWN) Mean Low Water Springs MLWS)
Chart Datum
Charted Depth
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Harmonic Method
Predicting Tides
Rigorous Mathematical Formula Admiralty Method At Primary Port - from published Admiralty Tide Tables At Secondary Ports - modifications - Simplified Harmonic Tidal Differences and Ratios - Co-Tides Establish Datum for Soundings in Offshore Areas Use Co-Tidal Chart to Predict Tidal Information at Sea MHWI Equal Time of HW Co-Tidal Lines Equal Tidal Range Co-Range Lines MSR Relative to Nearest Standard Port
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6
0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6
Chart Datum
Factor
LW Heights (m)
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Tidal Streams/Currents
Currents are mainly due to Meteorological Conditions Mainly Wind Tidal Streams result from:Astronomical Conditions Horizontal Progression/Movement of Water Effects of Coastline - Channels/Seabed Topography Effect of Wind Tidal Stream Published Information :Admiralty Charts Tidal Stream Atlases Sailing Directions
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From Admiralty Tide Tables Tide Stream Diamonds Table of Velocities and Directions Related to Time of HW at Local Standard Port
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