Networking

is the practice of linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data. Networks are built with a mix of computer hardware and computer software.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Connectivity and Communication: Data Sharing: Hardware Sharing: Internet Access: Internet Access Sharing:

Types of Networking

Transmission Technology

Network Size

Simplex

Half-Duplex

Full-Duplex

LAN

MAN

WAN

3. The type of data movement allowed on the channel.

Simplex transmission - One way transmission. Half-duplex transmission - lows only one way at a time. Full-duplex transmission - Two-way transmission at the same time.

 

A LAN is a network that is used for communicating among computer devices, usually within an office building or home LANs enable the sharing of resources such as files or hardware devices that may be needed by multiple users Is limited in size, typically spanning a few hundred meters, and no more than a mile Is fast, with speeds from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps Requires little wiring, typically a single cable connecting to each device Has lower cost compared to MANs or WANs

   

It stands for metropolitan area networking It connects more than one Ns It covers an area of 5 to 50 K s It ses bridges and ro ters to connect more than one Ns Recent trend is wireless N. It also ses fiber optic lines. E.g ifferent branches of the company in same city.

It is not restricted to any geographical location.  hen more than one comp ters are connected sing wireless medias like radio wave, micro wave or satellite wave which are located in different cities or N. co ntries, it is called  It ses ro ters, m ltiple er, satellite links.  It connects more than one N or N  NCs, banks se N for connecting their branch offices located offices located in different cities of different co ntries. Eg. Internet


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Internet

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Intranet

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E tranet

Types of Network Comm nication Technology

 Was created in the 1960s.  The worlds largest comp ter network which connects millions of comp ters all over the world.  Internet transmits data by sing Internet Protocol (IP).

 Information; Research and e change.  Commerce.  Real time comm nication  Banking

 hopping  Entertainment  Ed cation  Gaming

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Concepts of intranet:Intranet technology allows sharing of val able information and lets b siness activities carry on even witho t a key personnel present at the b siness premises. Intranet is an internal network that ses Internet technologies. It is a small version of the Internet that e ists within an organi ation.

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Makes company information accessible to employees and facilitate working in groups. To access intranet, employees need to be online.  To let the employees access the intranet from everywhere around the world, employee will be given the intranet address, user name and password. Intranet usually includes electronic publishing of materials related to an organization such as: Telephone directories Event calendars Employee handbook Job posting Email services News bulletin Company forms Staff information

         

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In the late 1990s and early 2000, several ind stries started to se the term e tranet.  n e tranet is a private network - ses Internet technology and p blic telecomm nications system to sec rely share relevant information with a thori ed parties. Central repositories of shared data made accessible via the web only to a thori ed members of partic lar work gro ps.

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Share prod ct catalog es with wholesalers. Jointly develop programs with other companies. Provide access services given by one company to a gro p of other companies. Share news of common interest e cl sively with partner companies.

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B s Topology Ring Topology Star Topology Tree Topology esh Topology

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A contin o s coa ial cable to which all the devices are attached. All nodes can detect all messages sent along the b s.

Advantages: 1. Cheap, simple to set p 2. Short cable length so cheap 3. Easy architect re 4. Easy to add a node isadvantages: 1. iffic lt to diagnose a fa lt 2. If the b s is lost, so is the network 3. E cess network traffic

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 Nodes linked together to form a circle.  A message sent o t from one node is passed along to each node in between ntil the target node receives the message.

Advantages: 1. Eq al Access 2. Short cable length 3. Suitable for fiber optic Disadvantages 1. ifficult to troubleshoot 2. Network changes affect many users 3. ailure affects many users 4. Network reconfiguration is very difficult

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The star network

Each node is linked to a central node. All messages are routed through the central node, who delivers it to the proper node ost commonly used topology.

Advantages: 1. Centrali ed monitoring 2. Simple access protocol 3. Easy to modify 4. ailure in one machine does not affect other machine Disadvantages: 1. If the hub fails then everything connected to it is down. 2. ong cable length 3. ub ependency

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The tree network - (hierarchical network) Looks like an upside-down tree where end nodes are linked to interior nodes that allow linking through to another end node.

Advantages: 1. Point-to-point wiring for individual segments. 2. Supported by several hardware and software vendors. Disadvantages: 1. Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of a cabliong used. 2. If the backbone line breaks the entire segment goes down. 3. ore difficult to configure and wire than other topologies.

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The mesh topology uses routes, therefore any messages transferred can take a number of routes to get to their destination, in a full mesh network, every device connects to every other device. Advantages: 1. aster access as all the devices are directly connected. Disadvantages: 1. Very complicated. 2. ifficult to trouble shoot.

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Router  odem  ultiple er Switch

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A device that connects any number of LANs. Uses standardi ed protocols to move packets efficiently to their destination.  ore sophisticated than bridges, connecting networks of different types (for e ample, star and token ring)  orwards data depending on the Network address (IP), not the ardware ( AC) address. Routers are the only one of these four devices that will allow you to share a single IP address among multiple network clients. Resides on Layer 3 of the OSI model.

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a. b.

It stand for odulation and emodulation. odulation Converting igital signals into Analog signals is called odulation emodulation Converting Analog signals into igital signals is called emodulation In computer data travels in digital form. In telephone line data travels in analog form To transport data from one computer to another computer using telephone line digital signals must be converted in to analog signals and analog signals must be converted into digital. odem converts digital signals into analog signals and analog signal into digital. There are 2 types of modem: E ternal Internal

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Machine which can perform multiple ing or demultiple ing is called multiple er. Multiple ing means to send more than one signals on single transmission media in form of single comple signal. e-multiple ing means to separate single comple signal into different signals at receiving end. It is used when: a. Media band width is costly
b. Bandwidth is idle.

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Split large networks into small segments, decreasing the number of users sharing the same network resources and bandwidth. Understands when two devices want to talk to each other, and gives them a switched connection  elps prevent data collisions and reduces network congestion, increasing network performance. Most home users get very little, if any, advantage from switches, even when sharing a broadband connection. Resides on Layer 2 of the OSI model.

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Twisted Pair Cable Coa ial Cable iber Optical Cable

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Two wires twisted together.

x Makes them less susceptible to acting like an antenna and picking up radio frequency information or appliance noise.

Telephone company uses twisted-pair copper wires to link telephones.

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Coaxial cable

Also two wires:

x One of the wires is woven of fine strands of copper forming a tube. x The wire mesh surrounds a solid copper wire that runs down the center. x Space between has a non-conducting material. x Makes them more impervious to outside noise.

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Light is electromagnetic. Can transmit more information down a single strand.

It can send a wider set of frequencies.

Each cable can send several thousand phone conversations or computer communications.

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Protocol is a communication rules. Protocol provide rule how to computers communicate. They define how devices intercommunicate in a network environment.

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Protocol define how devices, applications or computers communicate in a network. To specify the format that the information bits or packets must contain when traveling across this connection.


Responsible for ensuring that the information bits or data packets are 5 sent or received in a proper sequence

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It is a protocol using which we can request for the web page and we receive the web page. It is used to display more information by clicking hyper text. It allows to link the text to other webpage.it is default protocol.

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1.

yperte t Transfer Protocol ( TTP)

2. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 3. ile Transfer Protocol ( TP)

4. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

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It is protocol using which we can upload or download files on internet.  ownload: it is transfer of information from server to client. Internet contains lot of software and information.  Upload: it is transfer of information from client to server. It also allows to transfer web pages from our computer to server.


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It is a protocol using which we can receive or send a mail on internet.  We receive e-mail using incoming email server. we can send using outgoing email server  Incoming and outgoing email servers facilities are provided by internet service provider.


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It is common protocol available in all the operating system.  It allows to connect computers having different operating system.it is open protocol.  esign and rules of this protocol are available to all, it is very popular protocol  Most of operation system understand this protocol.


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by ISO in 1984. Standard for communication in the network across different equipment and application  ere are 7 layers of the model.
Developed

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Physical layer: It also provides the interface between network and network communication devices  Data link layer: procedures for operating the communication links and Detects and corrects packets transmit errors  Network layer: It also translates the logical address into the physical address


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Transport layer:Transport layer also provides the acknowledgement of the successful data transmission and retransmits the data if no error free data was transferred.  Session layer:Session layer establish and manages the session between the two users at different ends in a network


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Layer The presentation layer presents the data into a uniform format and masks the difference of data format between two dissimilar systems  Application Layer The application layer defines the interfaces for communication and data transfer.
 Presentation

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T ANK YOU

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