Brmesstrahlung

a_mansour01@yahoo.com a_mansour01@yahoo.
com 1 1 10/30/2011 10/30/2011

]ordan University/Physics Department ]ordan University/Physics Department
First Semester / First Semester / 10 10 11 11
Bremesstrlhung Bremesstrlhung Radiation Radiation
Ceneration and interaction of Electromagnetic Ceneration and interaction of Electromagnetic
Radiation Radiation
Ahmad Hassan Ahmad Hassan Nansour Nansour
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Out line: Out line:
-- !ntroduction !ntroduction
-- Free FreeFree Radiation Free Radiation
-- A Classical Calculation A Classical Calculation
-- Dipole Approximation Dipole Approximation
-- Sources of Bremsstrahlung: Sources of Bremsstrahlung:
*X *Xray tube : ray tube : The Bremsstrahlung Process The Bremsstrahlung Process
Beta decay Beta decay
-- !nner and outer !nner and outer Bremsstrahlung Bremsstrahlung
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!ntroduction !ntroduction
- - A charged particle passing through a medium A charged particle passing through a medium
interacts in several different ways with the atoms interacts in several different ways with the atoms
and nuclei of the medium . and nuclei of the medium .
- - One of the which is the particle is deflected by the One of the which is the particle is deflected by the
coulomb fields of the nuclei that it passes near to . coulomb fields of the nuclei that it passes near to .
- - The acceleration of the particle causes radiation to The acceleration of the particle causes radiation to
be emitted . be emitted .
- - As in the case synchrotron radiation. As in the case synchrotron radiation.
- - The emitted radiation is known as bremsstrahlung The emitted radiation is known as bremsstrahlung
(from Cerman 'braking radiation'). (from Cerman 'braking radiation').
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!ntroduction !ntroduction
- - Bremsstrahlung Bremsstrahlung has a has a continuous continuous
spectrum spectrum . .
- - which becomes more intense and shifts which becomes more intense and shifts
toward higher frequencies when the toward higher frequencies when the
energy of the accelerated particles is energy of the accelerated particles is
increased . increased .
Free FreeFree Radiation Free Radiation
- - Bremsstrahlung Bremsstrahlung emitted from emitted from plasma plasma is is
sometimes referred to as sometimes referred to as free freefree free
radiation radiation. .
- - This refers to the fact that the radiation in This refers to the fact that the radiation in
this case is created by charged particles this case is created by charged particles
that are free both before and after the that are free both before and after the
deflection ( deflection (acceleration acceleration) that causes the ) that causes the
emission. emission.
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A Classical Calculation A Classical Calculation
- - The acceleration of a particle of mass N and charged Z The acceleration of a particle of mass N and charged Z
11
e in the e in the
coulomb field of a nucleus of charged Z coulomb field of a nucleus of charged Z
22
e is proportional to (Z e is proportional to (Z
11
Z Z
22
/N) /N)
- - (assuming that N is much less than the mass of the nucleus). (assuming that N is much less than the mass of the nucleus).
- - The radiated intensity is proportional to Z The radiated intensity is proportional to Z
11
22
(Z (Z
11
Z Z
22
/N) /N)
22
= Z = Z
44
11
Z Z
22
22
/N /N
22
- - The frequency ranges of the radiation depend of course on the The frequency ranges of the radiation depend of course on the
closeness of the encounter. closeness of the encounter.
- - the energy radiated by the particle results in a decrease in its kinetic the energy radiated by the particle results in a decrease in its kinetic
energy ,contributing to the general slowing energy ,contributing to the general slowingdown of the charged down of the charged
particle as it passes through the medium . particle as it passes through the medium .
- - This energy loss process is most important when This energy loss process is most important when
the particle mass is small (that is, for electron) the particle mass is small (that is, for electron)
and when the medium contains atoms of high and when the medium contains atoms of high
atomic number. atomic number.
- - !t is for example an important source of power !t is for example an important source of power
loss in plasmas contains ions of high atomic loss in plasmas contains ions of high atomic
number and is the dominant mode of energy number and is the dominant mode of energy
loss for electrons of high energy ( loss for electrons of high energy ( 1Cev) 1Cev)
passing through the matter. passing through the matter.
- - hen the incident particles passes close to a hen the incident particles passes close to a
nucleus the acceleration can be large enough for nucleus the acceleration can be large enough for
the total energy radiated in a single deflection the total energy radiated in a single deflection
event to be greater than the total kinetic energy event to be greater than the total kinetic energy
of the particle .this is clearly impossible. of the particle .this is clearly impossible.
- - !t is possible however for a single photon to carry !t is possible however for a single photon to carry
away nearly the whole of the available energy, in away nearly the whole of the available energy, in
which case the photon would have: which case the photon would have:
the frequency (K.E/h) the frequency (K.E/h)
and the wavelength: and the wavelength:
min
.
.

2
- - This is therefore the minimum wavelength This is therefore the minimum wavelength
contained in the brmesstrahlung contained in the brmesstrahlung
spectrum. spectrum.
- - !n X !n X ray tube when the electron is accelerated it ray tube when the electron is accelerated it
has the energy ev, where v is the potential has the energy ev, where v is the potential
difference across the tube. difference across the tube.
min
.
0'
2
Dipole Approximation Dipole Approximation
- - Suppose that a particle of charge q experiences Suppose that a particle of charge q experiences
an acceleration which is collinear with its an acceleration which is collinear with its
velocity (this is the relevant case for velocity (this is the relevant case for linear linear
accelerators accelerators). ).
- - ( (considering only the dominant dipole radiation considering only the dominant dipole radiation
contribution). contribution).
- - Then, the relativistic expression for the angular Then, the relativistic expression for the angular
distribution of the bremsstrahlung is distribution of the bremsstrahlung is
,

- - Where Where = = v v / / cc and and 0 0 is the angle between is the angle between
and the point of observation. and the point of observation.
- - !ntegrating !ntegrating over all angles then gives the total over all angles then gives the total
power emitted as:(The general expression for power emitted as:(The general expression for
the total radiated power) the total radiated power)
- - Where is the Where is the Lorentz factor Lorentz factor . .
2 4 2
2
2
0
( . )
( )
6
1
6
!
.
. .
.
61
.


- - Where signifies a time derivative of . Where signifies a time derivative of .
- - noting that ( = a/c) and = ( noting that ( = a/c) and = (1 1 - -
22
) )
- - 1 1 / / 22
- - for the specific case of acceleration parallel to for the specific case of acceleration parallel to
velocity ( = ) velocity ( = )
. . .

.
.
.
.

- - For the case of acceleration perpendicular to the For the case of acceleration perpendicular to the
velocity ( = velocity ( = 00) (a case that arises in ) (a case that arises in
circular particle accelerators known as circular particle accelerators known as
synchrotrons synchrotrons), ), the total power radiated reduces the total power radiated reduces
to to
. . .


- - The total power radiated in the two limiting cases is proportional The total power radiated in the two limiting cases is proportional
to to
44
( ) or ( ) or
66
( ). ( ).
- - Since Since E E = = mc mc
22
, we see that the total radiated power goes as , we see that the total radiated power goes as
mm
- - 44
or or mm
- - 66
, which accounts for why electrons lose energy to , which accounts for why electrons lose energy to
bremsstrahlung bremsstrahlung radiation much more rapidly than heavier charged radiation much more rapidly than heavier charged
particles (e.g., muons, protons, alpha particles). particles (e.g., muons, protons, alpha particles).
- - The electrons lose energy due to The electrons lose energy due to bremsstrahlung bremsstrahlung at a rate times at a rate times
higher than protons do. higher than protons do.
, ; * , ;
4 13
/ ) 10 (
5 0
2 2

Sources of Bremsstrahlung: Sources of Bremsstrahlung: XX ray tube ray tube
- - !n an !n an X Xray tube ray tube, , electrons are accelerated in a vacuum by an electrons are accelerated in a vacuum by an
electric field electric field and shot into a piece of metal called the "target". and shot into a piece of metal called the "target".
- - X Xrays are emitted as the electrons slow down (decelerate) in the rays are emitted as the electrons slow down (decelerate) in the
metal. metal.
- - The output spectrum consists of a continuous spectrum of X The output spectrum consists of a continuous spectrum of Xrays, rays,
with additional sharp peaks at certain energies. with additional sharp peaks at certain energies.
- - The continuous spectrum is due to The continuous spectrum is due to bremsstrahlung bremsstrahlung. .
- - while the sharp peaks are while the sharp peaks are characteristic X characteristic Xrays rays associated with the associated with the
atoms in the target. atoms in the target.
- - bremsstrahlung bremsstrahlung in this context is also called in this context is also called continuous X continuous X rays rays. .
- - Composed of a cathode and anode, in a vacuum tube Composed of a cathode and anode, in a vacuum tube
and enclose by a metal envelop. and enclose by a metal envelop.
- - Cathode: Source of electrons, made of a tungsten Cathode: Source of electrons, made of a tungsten
filament , coil of filament , coil of 2 2 mm diameter and, mm diameter and, 1 1 cm in length. cm in length.
- - Tungsten is used as a good source of electrons Tungsten is used as a good source of electrons igh igh
atomic number, high melting point atomic number, high melting point and filament is and filament is
attached to a stiff bar. attached to a stiff bar.
- - Filament is attached to a source of low power Filament is attached to a source of low power
electricity electricity . .
- - Electrons of the outer shell of the tungsten filament will Electrons of the outer shell of the tungsten filament will
be accelerated and will leave the filament as free be accelerated and will leave the filament as free
electrons. electrons.
- - Target is inclined at about Target is inclined at about 20 20
oo
angle. angle.
- - The tube is surrounded by oil as a cooling agent outside The tube is surrounded by oil as a cooling agent outside
the tube. the tube.
The Bremsstrahlung Process ( The Bremsstrahlung Process (11) )
- - A large potential difference is applied A large potential difference is applied
across the two electrodes in an evacuated across the two electrodes in an evacuated
envelope. envelope.
-- Neg. charged electrode (cathode): source of Neg. charged electrode (cathode): source of
ee
-- Pos. charged electrode (anode): target of e Pos. charged electrode (anode): target of e
- - ee
released from the cathode are released from the cathode are
accelerated towards the anode with a gain accelerated towards the anode with a gain
in K.E as the e in K.E as the e
drops through the applied drops through the applied

potential difference (kilovoltage potential potential difference (kilovoltage potential
kvp). kvp).
-- About About 33 33 of the K.E converted to heat via of the K.E converted to heat via
collision collisionlike interactions like interactions
-- About About 11 of the K.E converted into x of the K.E converted into xrays via rays via
strong Coulomb (electrostatic) interactions strong Coulomb (electrostatic) interactions
Bremsstrahlung Bremsstrahlung
- - Target nucleus positive charge (Z Target nucleus positive charge (Zee
+ +
) attracts ) attracts
incident e incident e
- - Deceleration of an incident e Deceleration of an incident e
occurs in the occurs in the

proximity of the target atom nucleus. proximity of the target atom nucleus.
- - Energy lost by e Energy lost by e
gained by the EN photon (x gained by the EN photon (x

ray) generated ray) generated
-- The impact parameter distance, the closest approach The impact parameter distance, the closest approach
to the nucleus by the e to the nucleus by the e
determines the amount of determines the amount of

Energy loss Energy loss
-- The Coulomb force of attraction varies strongly with The Coulomb force of attraction varies strongly with
distance ( distance (MM 11/r /r
22
), decreases distance ), decreases distance increase increase
deceleration and Energy loss. deceleration and Energy loss.
-- Direct impact on the nucleus determines the Direct impact on the nucleus determines the
maximum x maximum xray Energy (E ray Energy (E
max max
))
- - The continuous spectrum has a sharp cutoff at low wavelength. The continuous spectrum has a sharp cutoff at low wavelength.
- - For example: For example:
if an electron in the tube is accelerated through if an electron in the tube is accelerated through 60 60 kv kv
then it will acquire a kinetic energy of then it will acquire a kinetic energy of 60 60 kev kev
and when it strikes the target it can create X and when it strikes the target it can create Xrays with energy of at most rays with energy of at most 60 60 kev kev
Usually the electron emits many photons, and each has energy less than Usually the electron emits many photons, and each has energy less than 60 60
kev. kev.
A photon with energy of at most A photon with energy of at most 60 60 kev has wavelength of at least . kev has wavelength of at least .21 21
so the continuous X so the continuous Xray spectrum has exactly that cutoff. ray spectrum has exactly that cutoff.
Nore generally the formula for the low Nore generally the formula for the lowwavelength cutoff is: wavelength cutoff is:
Where h is Where h is Planck constant Planck constant, c is the , c is the speed of light speed of light, v is the , v is the voltage voltage that the that the
electrons are accelerated through, and e is the electrons are accelerated through, and e is the elementary charge elementary charge. .
min
12400
in volts
.
?
0' '
2
Sources of Bremsstrahlung: Sources of Bremsstrahlung:Beta decay Beta decay
- - Beta particle Beta particleemitting substances sometimes emitting substances sometimes
exhibit a weak radiation with continuous exhibit a weak radiation with continuous
spectrum that is due to Bremsstrahlung. spectrum that is due to Bremsstrahlung.
- - Bremsstrahlung is a type of "secondary Bremsstrahlung is a type of "secondary
radiation radiation . .
- - it is produced as a result of stopping (or it is produced as a result of stopping (or
slowing) the primary radiation ( slowing) the primary radiation (beta particles beta particles). ).
- - the spectrum of the bremsstrahlung decreasing the spectrum of the bremsstrahlung decreasing
continuously with increasing energy of the beta continuously with increasing energy of the beta
particle. particle.
!nner and outer !nner and outer Bremsstrahlung Bremsstrahlung
- - The "inner" Bremsstrahlung arises from the The "inner" Bremsstrahlung arises from the
creation of the electron and its loss of energy creation of the electron and its loss of energy
(due to the strong (due to the strong electric field electric field in the region of in the region of
the nucleus undergoing decay) as it leaves the the nucleus undergoing decay) as it leaves the
nucleus. nucleus.
- - the "outer" Bremsstrahlung due to the the "outer" Bremsstrahlung due to the
impingement on the nucleus of electrons coming impingement on the nucleus of electrons coming
from the outside (i.e., emitted by another from the outside (i.e., emitted by another
nucleus). nucleus).

Brmesstrahlung

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com 1 1 10/30/2011 10/30/2011

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drops through the applied drops through the applied

- - Deceleration of an incident e Deceleration of an incident e

occurs in the occurs in the

gained by the EN photon (x gained by the EN photon (x

determines the amount of determines the amount of

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