Financial Management

An Introduction

Contents
Introduction to FM  Scope  Objectives  Functions  Role of Financial Manager  Assignment - Interface of Financial Management with other Functional Areas  Key challenges faced by Modern FM  Financial Environment


FINANCE
Finance is the life-blood of business. lifebusiness. Without finance neither any business can be started nor successfully run . Finance is needed to promote or establish business, acquire fixed assets, make necessary investigations, develop product keep man and machines at work, encourage management to make progress and create values. values.

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
Financial management is one the functional areas of management. It refer to that part of management. the management activity which is concerned with the planning and controlling of firms financial resources. resources.

DEFINITION
Financial management is the application of planning and control function of the finance function Howard and Upton

NATURE AND SCOPE OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

The nature of financial decisions would be clear when we try to understand the operation of a firm. At the very outset, the firm. promoters makes an appraisal of various investment proposals and selects one or more of them , depending upon the net benefits derived from each as well as on the availability of funds. funds.

PROCESS INVOLVED IN FINANCIAL DECISION

1. Selection of investment proposals ,known as the investment decision. decision. 2.Determination of working capital requirements, known as the working capital decision. decision. 3. Raising of funds to finance the assets, known as the financing decision. decision. 4. Allocation of profit for dividend payment, known as the dividend decision. decision.

Three decision areas in finance:

Investment decisions - What assets should the company hold? This determines the left-hand side leftof the balance sheet. these decision are concerned sheet. with the effective utilization of funds in one activity or the other. The investment decision can other. be classified under two groups : (i) Long term investment decision (ii) Short term investment decision The former are referred to as the capital budgeting and the latter as working capital management. management.

Financing decision
Financing decisions - How should the company pay for the investments it makes? This determines the right-hand side of the balance sheet. it is also rightsheet. known as capital structure decision. It involves the decision. choosing the best source of raising funds and deciding optimal mix of various source of finance. finance. A company can not depend upon only one source of finance, hence a varied financial structure is developed. developed. but before using any particular source of capital ,its relative cost of capital ,degree of risk and control etc should be thoroughly examined by the financial manager. manager. The major source of long-term capital are shares longand debentures. debentures.

DIVIDEND DECISION
Dividend decisions - What should be done with the profits of the business? The dividend decision is concerned with determining how much part of the earning should be distributed among the share holders by way of dividend and how much should be retained in the business for meeting the future needs of funds internally. internally.

Factors influencing financial decision

These factors are divided into two parts 1.Micro economic factor 2.Macro economic factor Micro economic factor - micro economic factor is related to the internal condition of the firmfirm(a) Nature and size of the firm (b) Level of risk and stability in earnings (c) Liquidity position (d) Asset structure and pattern of ownership (e) Attitude of the management

Macro economic factor

These are the Environmental factorsfactors1. The state of the economy 2. Governmental policy

All management decisions should help to accomplish the goal of the firm!
What should be the goal of the firm?

Objectives of financial management

The objective of financial management are considered usually at two levels the Objective of financial managementmanagement1. 2.

Maximization of profits Maximization of wealth

Maximization of profits
Profit earning is the main aim of every economic activity. Profit maximization activity. simply means maximizing the income of the firm . Economist are of the view that profits can be maximized when the difference of total revenue over total cost is maximum, or in other words total revenue is greater than the total cost. cost.

PROFIT PLUS POINTS Measures business performance Ensures timely payments to Shareholder, employees, Government, Creditors Ensures expansion and diversification Indicates efficient use of Funds

 

PROFIT MINUS POINTS Profit is not a clear term (Long / Short) Leads to employee and consumer exploitation Does not consider Risk factor and Time value of Money Leads to cut throat competition A/c Manipulation Estimating exact profits is impractical

Maximization of wealth
According to prof solomon ezra of stand ford university , the ultimate goal of financial management should be the maximization of the owners wealth. The value of corporate wealth may wealth. be interpreted in terms of the value of the companys total assets. The finance should assets. attempt to maximize the value of the enterprise to its shareholders. Value is represented by the shareholders. market price of the companys common stock. stock.

WEALTH PLUS POINTS  Clear term as it considers present value of cash flows  Considers time value of money  Considers interest of External Parties  Aims at Dividend and returns  Considers impact of Risk

WEALTH MINUS POINTS  It is not descriptive  It differs from one entity to another

Other Objectives
Balanced Asset Structure Fixed and Current Asset balance  Liquidity Cos capacity to meet short term and long term obligations  Planning Funds Cost of Funds to be minimized  Financial Discipline Scandals, misuse of Funds


What about risk? Isnt risk important as well as profits?

How would the stockholders of a small business react if they were told that their manager cancelled all casualty and liability insurance policies so that the money spent on premiums could go to profit instead. Even though the expected profits increased by this action, it is likely that stockholders would be dissatisfied because of the increased risk they would bear. bear.

The common stockholders are the owners of the corporation!

Stockholders elect a board of directors who in turn hire managers to maximize the stockholders well being. stockholders being. When stockholders perceive that management is not doing this, they might attempt to remove and replace the management, but this can be very difficult in a large corporation with many stockholders. stockholders.

More likely, when stockholders are dissatisfied they will simply sell their stock shares.
This action by stockholders will cause the market price of the companys stock to fall.

When stock price falls relative to the rest of the market (or relative to the rest of the industry) ...
Management is failing in their job to increase the welfare (or wealth) of the stockholders (the owners).

Conversely, when stock price is rising relative to the rest of the market (or industry), ...
Management is accomplishing their goal of increasing the welfare (or wealth) of the stockholders (the owners).

The goal of the firm should be to maximize the stock price! price!
This is equivalent to saying the goal is to maximize owners wealth. wealth. Note that the stock price is affected by managements decisions affecting both risk and profit. Stock price can be maintained or increased only when stockholders perceive that they are receiving profits that fully compensate them for bearing the risk they perceive.

Important focal points in the study of finance:

Accounting and Finance often focus on different things Finance is more focused on market values rather than book values. Finance is more focused on cash flows rather than accounting income.

Functions
Anticipating Financial needs  Acquiring Financial Resources  Allocating Funds in Business  Administering Allocation of Funds  Analyzing Financial Performance  Accounting and reporting to management  Maintaining Liquidity  Ensuring Profit and Wealth maximization


Functions
    

Day to Day Cash Custody Bank Accounts Loan Collection Payment of Cash for transactions

      

Specific Functions Functional planning and Budgeting Investment Decisions Cost Accounting Profit Analysis Financial Accounting Internal Audit

Why is market value more important than book value?

Book values are often based on dated values. values. They consist of the original cost of the asset from some past time, minus accumulated depreciation (which may not represent the actual decline in the assets value). value). Maximization of market value of the stockholders shares is the goal of the firm. firm.

Why is cash flow more important than accounting income?

Cash flow to stockholders (in the form of dividends) is the only basis for valuation of the common stock shares. Since the shares. goal is to maximize stock price, cash flow is more directly related than accounting income. income. Accounting methods recognize income at times other than when cash is actually received or spent. spent.

One more reason that cash flow is important:

When cash is actually received is important, because it determines when cash can be invested to earn a return. [Also: When cash must be paid determines when we need to start paying interest on money borrowed.]

Examples of when accounting income is different from cash flow:

Credit sales are recognized as accounting income, yet cash has not been received. received. Depreciation expense is a legitimate accounting expense when calculating income, yet depreciation expense is not a cash outlay. outlay. A loan brings cash into a business, but is not income. income.

More examples:
When new capital equipment is purchased, the entire cost is a cash outflow, but only the depreciation expense (a portion of the total cost) is an expense when computing accounting income. When dividends are paid, cash is paid out, though dividends are not included in the calculation of accounting income.

Definitions: Operating income vs. operating cash flow

Operating income = earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT). This is the total income that the company earned by operating during the period. It is income available to pay interest to creditors, taxes to the government and dividends to stockholders.

Operating cash flow:

Operating cash flow = EBIT + Depreciation - Taxes. This definition recognizes that depreciation expense is added in computing EBIT, since it is not a cash outlay. It also recognizes that taxes paid is a cash outlay.

Importance of Proper Financial Management

Maximum use of resources

Make sound business decisions

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

Evaluate new business opportunities

Measure business performance

Emerging Role / Key Challenges of Financial Manager

Investment planning  Financial structure  Mergers, acquisitions and restructuring  Working capital management  Performance management  Risk management  Investor relations


BEAS Co Ltd, plans for an IPO at Rs.10 per share with an objective Rs. to raise capital to establish itself and has plans to raise Rs. Rs. 500, 500,000 but managed to distribute only Rs. 300000 to the public Rs. through banks, finance companies and brokers, out of the capital limit of Rs. 10,00,000 as per the MOA. The response was Rs. 10,00, MOA. moderate and the total number of share applications received was Rs. 00,000. Rs. 1,00,000. In response to the first call of Rs 5 per share the total funds received was Rs.40,000. Rs.40,000. Questions: Questions: (1 mark each) 1. What is the price of one share? 2. What is the objective behind the IPO? What does IPO stand For? 3. What is the Value of the First call? 4. Whom did the company approach for the distribution of shares to the public? 5. Calculate Authorized capital . 6. Calculate Issued capital . 7. Calculate subscribed capital . 8. Calculate called up capital . 9. Calculate paid up capital . 10. Calculate the number of shares issued by the company .

1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

What is the price of one share? Rs.10 per share What is the objective behind the IPO? What does IPO stand For? Initial Public offering - with an objective to raise capital to establish itself What is the Value of the First call? Rs 5 per share Whom did the company approach for the distribution of shares to the public? banks, finance companies& brokers Calculate Authorized capital . 10,00,000 Calculate Issued capital . Rs. 300000 Calculate subscribed capital . Rs. 1,00,000 Calculate called up capital . Rs 50,000 Calculate paid up capital. Rs.40,000 Calculate the number of shares issued by the company. Rs. 300000 / 10 per share = 30,000