Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Changing
Relationsh
Medi ip
Positiv
a Telephon Negativ
e
eEffects Age Strata
e
Radio
We Status
b TV AND Location
Book Gender
Effects
sFilm
Paper Negativ Ethnic Group
Music
e
Positiv Education
e
Relationsh
ip Society
Changing
Changing Mass Media
Characteristics
Faster
Cheaper
Easier (user friendly)
Smaller (miniaturization)
Better (quality)
More powerful
Similar
Changing Mass Media
Television
Less Logical
Image dominant
Less verbal
Faster cutting and pace
Surrealistic
Dependent on special effects
Structured montage
Changing Mass Media
• Newspapers
• Meaner and leaner
• Profit driven
• On line
• Paperless?
• Electronically composed/edited More graphic
• Competitive
• Entertainment oriented
MEDIA EFFECTS
• How much do the media affect our lives?
• Strongly (over estimation)
• Gradually (subconsciously)
• Indirectly (over time)
• Selectively, (over time)
• It depends on what the source is…….
• It depends on the audience’s
background….
• It depends on the consumers beliefs &
values
• Not at all? (under estimation)
MEDIA AND SOCIETY
Changing
Relationsh
Medi ip
Positiv
a Telephon Negativ
e
eEffects Age Strata
e
Radio
We Status
b TV AND Location
Book Gender
Effects
sFilm
Paper Negativ Ethnic Group
Music
e
Positiv Education
e
Relationsh
ip Society
Changing
Changes in Society
• Population growth?
• Influx of population?
• Changing markets?
• Minority and majority?
• Immigration?
• Language?
• Aging?
• Glass ceiling broken?
• Income
• Gay movement
• Terrorism?
Mass Media Defined
by Paul Traudt
Respons
e
Stimulus
Association
message
sender
r
S
message
receiver
LASWELL’S THEORY
WHO (source)
SAYS (message)
WHAT (content)
IN WHAT CHANNEL (medium)
TO WHOM (receiver)
WITH WHAT EFFECT?
WHEN? WHY? WHY? HOW?
HOW OFTEN? (repetition)
TWO-STEP-FLOW -Lazarsfeld
1 Step
Media
Pay attention to
Consumptio
Persons Decisions n
Voting
2 Step Acting
Seek out Buyin
g
Opinion Leaders
CLASSICAL THEORY
Shannon & Weaver
Feed forward
Who Says
N
N how N what N N To whom
N N N
N N N
Feedback mode
N = Noise
EXCHANGE THEORY -
Homans
Linkage becomes networking over time
Network
e t w ork
N
Exchange based on
benefit or perceived
Equity = equitable advantage
exchange
USES AND GRATIFICATION
Palmgreen
• Beliefs and values lead to consumption of particular media
which reinforce beliefs and values over time
Particular
Consumption programs
Media
Beliefs and Media
Values media
Media
Gratificati
Reinforcement over time
on
GENRE THEORY
• We are able to recognize and classify
forms and structures, and as a result
develop conventions and expectations
Love
Crime
Frame
Frame
Fram
e
Frame
ADOPTION & DIFFUSION OF
INNOVATIONS - Rogers
Percentage of population
Saturation
Early Late
majorit Majority
y
Laggards
Innovators
Ad
6 Media Agency
Retailer 4
5
Consumer
7
SPIRAL OF SILENCE-
Neumann
Criticism
Government
of
l
Oppression and censorship
Spiral of
silence
Silence Undergroun
d
Resistance
Resistanc
Time
REALITY
External Publics
Environmentalists
Community
Internal publics
Staff Administration
External External Publics
Publics
Management
Government Investors
External Publics
Censorship & Governments
• Variety of Governmental styles
• Authoritarian* (Russia?) Censorshi
• Paternalistic* (India?) p
• Democratic# (USA?)
• Dualistic (UK?)
• Permissive# (France?) No
* More inclined to exercise censorship
censorship
• Suppression by omission
• Attack and destroy (the target)
• Labeling as discrimination
• Face-value transmission
• False balancing
• Framing
• Image manipulation
• Publish first recant afterwards
FINANCING MEDIA
Alternatives
• Federal Government subsidy
• State subsidy
• Licensing
• Foundations/sponsors
• Subscriptions
• Pay per view
• Advertising space and time
• Problem of dependency
Profit vs.
Information/Entertainment
• Freedom of expression
• Market place if ideas/products
• Competition among peers is good
• Something important to say
• Convergence and Conglomerates
• Primary pressure to make a profit
• Concentration of ownership
• Monopolies of power
• Dismantling of Democracy??!!
How to remedy the situation
• Encourage public rather than private
ownership of media
• Accept smaller profit margins
• Exploit improvements in technology
• Cultivate trust with reliable/good content
• Demonstrate “good will”
• Balance service with profitability
Profit vs. Quality
Profit only?
Newspapers are profitable businesses
Quality only?
Activists Voters
Print/Broadcasting
Media
PROMOTION OF HARMFUL
PRODUCTS?
Cigarette commercials
Hard liquor commercials
Pharmaceutical commercials
Dietary commercials
Environmental commercials
Children’s toy/game commercials
Attention Deficit Syndrome
Superficial value systems
False priorities, values, goals
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
Most Important
Self Actualization Self fulfillment
Esteem Needs Self esteem
Relationship, Love, affection
acceptance friends, approval
Safety Needs Security, stability
Physiological Food, drink, sleep
Needs sex
Least Important
CREATION OF NEEDS
Fat Diet pills
Smelly Deodorant
Dirty Soap, toothpaste
Slow Computer, fax
Unattractive Beauty products
Vulnerable Insurance
Unprotected Burglar alarms
Isolated Telephone
PSYCHOANALYTIC
APPROACH TO ADVERTISING
• Rational awareness
• CONSCIOUS Ability to make decisions
Appeal to rational self If, necessary resist
Normal senses suggestion
• Repressed desires
• SUBCONSCIOUS Hypnotic state
Appeal to secret desires dream world, open to
Repressed suggestion
approaches to persuasion:
• A rational or logical argument
• An emotional appeal
• The credibility of the persuader
PERSUASION SEQUENCE
STRUCTURE
Grab attention Listen, sound, movement,
dramatic event, novelty