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CONTENTS
Introduction History Objectives Classifications of lipids I. Simple lipids II. Compound lipids III. Derived lipids Structure of lipids Functions Summary Conclusion Reference
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INTRODUCTION
o Lipid may be defined as organic substances insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvent like chloroform, ether etc o Lipids are of great importance to the body as the chief concentrated storage form of energy besides their role cellular structure and various other biochemical functions .

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HISTORY
o In 1669 The alchemist Brandt Hennig is credited to have prepared phosphorus (phosphoro mirabile), the first element isolated in a quite pure state.

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OBJECTIVES
o To narrate the classification of lipids o Importance of classification of lipids

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CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS
LIPIDS

I.Simple II.Compound III.Derived

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I. SIMPLE LIPIDS

1.Triglycerols

2.Waxes

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I. SIMPLE LIPIDS
Esters of fatty acids with alcohol

1.Triglycerols(Fats and oils):

These are esters of fatty acids with glycerol

O CH2O C R1 O Glycerol CH O C R2 part O CH2classification of lipids O C R3 6/22/2011

Fatty acid chains

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Function
o Yields more than twice as much energy as that of carbohydrate

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2.Waxes
o

o o

Composed of esters of fatty acids with alcohols other than glycerol Use one alcohol instead of glycerol Esters of: Long-chain fatty acid Long-chain alcohol
O CH3 (CH2)14 C O CH2 (CH2)12 CH3

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Function
o These are widely used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and other industries in the manufacture of lotions, ointments and polishes

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II.COMPOUND LIPIDS
o

Esters of fatty acids with alcohol containing additional groups such as phosphate, nitrogenous base etc

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II. COMPOUND LIPIDS

Phospholipids

Glycolipids

Lipoproteins

Cerebrosides Gangliosides Glycerophospholipids Sphingophospholipids

Chylomicrons
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VLDL

LDL

HDL
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1. Phospholipids

Lipids containing phosphoric acid and frequently a nitrogenous base. This is in addition to alcohol and fatty acids

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a) Glycerophospholipids
o This phospholipids contain glycerol as the alcohol e.g., lecithin, cephalin.

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G l y c e r o l

Fatty Acid Fatty Acid

Phosphoric Acid

Alcohol

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Structure of lecithin
O CH2 O C O C O CH2 O P OO CH2CH2 (CH2)16-CH3 (CH2)16-CH3 CH3 N+ CH3 CH3

CH

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Structure of cephalin
O CH2 O C O C O CH2 O P OO CH2 CH NH3+ (CH2)16-CH3 (CH2)16-CH3

CH

COO-

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b) Sphingophospholipids
o Phospholipids derived from alcohol sphingosine instead of glycerol e.g., sphingomyelin

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Fatty acid

CH3

(CH2)12 CH CH CH OH O CH NH C
O

(CH2)14

CH3 CH3

CH O

P O-

CH2CH2

N+ CH3

CH3

phosphate

choline

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Functions
o Phospholipids regulate the permeability of
membranes o Insulating nerve impulse o Phospholipids act as a lipotrophic factor o Lecithin acts as a lung surfactant.

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2.Glycolipids:
o o Lipids containing a fatty acid, alcohol and additional residue are carbohydrate with nitrogen base. Ceramide+carbohydrate

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a) Cerebrosides:
o

Cerebrosides contain galactose, a high weight fatty acid and sphingosine. Sphingosine+fatty acid+carbohydrate

molecular

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Structure of cerebrosides
CH3 (CH2)12 CH CH CH OH O CH NH C (CH2)14
H2C CH3 OH

H2C

HO OH

OH

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b) Gangliosides
o Gangliosides contain ceramide(spangosine+fatty acid), glucose, galactose, N-actylgalactose, tosamine and sialic acid. o Cerebroside+oligosaccharides+Nacetylneuraminic acid

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Functions
o Glycolipids are important constituent of the nervous tissue o Gangliosides are important constituent of specific receptors o They are found in specific sites on the nerve endings

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3. Lipoproteins
o Lipoproteins are formed by combination of lipids with
prosthetic group protein e.g. serum lipoproteins like

a) Chylomicrons b) Very low density lipoprotein(VLDL) c) Low density lipoprotein(LDL) d) High density lipoprotein(HDL)
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a) Chylomicron
o Predominant lipid is triacylglycerol(90%) and cholesterol(5%)

Function
o

Transport of dietary lipids from intestine to peripheral tissue

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b) Very low density lipoprotein(VLDL)

Triglycerides(60%)+phospholipids(18%)+ cholesterol(14%)+protein(8%) Function
Transport endogenous triacylglycerol from liver to pheripheral tissue
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c) Low density lipoprotein(LDL)

o
Predominant lipid is cholesterol(45%) and phospholipids(20%) .

Function o
Transport cholesterol from liver to peripheral tissue

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d) High density lipoprotein(HDL)

o Phospholipids(30%) and protein(45%)

Function
o Transport free cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver where it can be catabolized o Good cholesterol

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III.DERIVED LIPIDS
o
The product obtained after the hydrolysis of simple and compound lipids

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III.DERIVED LIPIDS
Fatty acids Steroid Cholesterol

Saturated

Unsaturated

Vitamin D Bile acids Adrenocortical and Sex Hormone

Monounsaturated

Polyunsaturated

Eicosanoids

Prostaglandins Thromboxane Leukotrienes Prostacyclins

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1. Fatty acids:
o
Fats usually contain even number of carbon atoms because they are synthesized from two carbon units

a) Saturated fatty acid b) Unsaturated fatty acid

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Functions
o They serve as building blocks of phospholipids
and glycolipids o Fatty acid derivatives serve as hormones, e.g. prostaglandins. o Fatty acids serve as a major fuel for most cells.

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2.Steroid
o Steroids are often found in association with fat.
They have a similar cyclic nucleus resembling phenanthrene to which a cyclopentane ring is attached the parent substance is better designated as cyclopentano-perhydrophenantharene Steroid Ring System

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Function
Mineralocorticoids regulate ion concentrations o Glucocortiods enhance carbohydrate metabolis o Cortisol increases glucose and glycogen in the body o Along with its ketone derivative, cortisone; are anti-inflammatory Another derivative is prednisolone for both asthma and inflammation
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3.Cholesterol
o Cholesterol is a chemical compound that is naturally
produced and is a combination of lipid(fat) and steroid. o It is widely distributed in all cells of the body o It occurs in animal fat not in plant fat
.

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Structure of Cholesterol
CH3 CH (CH2)3 CH3 CH CH3

CH3

HO

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Fuctions
o It is major structural constituent of the cell
membrane and plasma lipoprotein o Cholesterol is the precursor of the five major classes of steroid hormones e.g. Progesterone, glucocorticoids, minaralocorticoid, androgens, estrogens
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SUMMARY
o Fats or triglycerides are esters of 3fatty acid
molecule with glycerol molecule. o Fats unsaturated fatty acids have low melting point remain liquid at room temp. Where as saturated fatty acids have higher melting point remain solid at room temp. o Phosphoglycerides are esters of glycerol with 2 fatty acids and contain in addition aphosphate group and nitrogenous base.
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o Glycolipids complexes, each made up of sphingosine,a fatty acid and a carbohydrate. o Sterols and steroids, such as cholesterol and bile acids, are alicyclic hydrocarbons having a fused , tetracyclic, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system.

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CONCLUSION
By the classification of lipids we can easily understand there.. o Physico-chemical properties & Functions o Pathology , Disease & Treatment
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REFERENCE
o Biochemistry third edn by Dr.Pankaja Naik o Biochemistry eleventh edn by Dr.Debajyoti Das o Biochemistry fourth edn by Dr.DM Vasudevan and Dr.Shrikumari S o Fundamentals of Biochemistry by Dr.A.C. Deb

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