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Motivation and Emotion

Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Motivation and Emotion

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What is motivation? Motivation

the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms

Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Explaining Motivation
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Instinct Approaches: born to be motivated Instincts

inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned

Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Drive Reduction Approaches: Satisfying Our Needs

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Drive-Reduction Approaches
when people lack some basic biological requirement such as water, a drive to obtain that requirement is produced

Drive
motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior in order to fulfill some need

Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Drive Reduction Approaches: Satisfying Our Needs

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Primary drives
basic drives that are related to biological needs of the body or of the species as a whole

Secondary drives
needs are brought about by prior experience and learning

Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Drive Reduction Approaches: Satisfying Our Needs

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Homeostasis
the process by which an organism strives to maintain some optimal level of internal biological functioning by compensating for deviations from its usual, balanced internal state

Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Arousal Approaches: Beyond Drive Reduction

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Arousal approaches to motivation

we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing them as necessary

Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Incentive Approaches: Motivations Pull

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Incentive approaches to motivation

the theory explaining motivation in terms of external stimuli, the incentives that direct and energize behavior

Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Cognitive Approaches: The Thoughts Behind Motivation

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Cognitive approaches to motivation

the focus on the role of our thoughts, expectations, and understanding of the world

Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Cognitive Approaches: The Thoughts Behind Motivation

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Intrinsic motivation
motivation by which people participate in an activity for their own enjoyment, not for the reward it will get them

Extrinsic motivation
motivation by which people participate in an activity for a tangible reward
Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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Maslows Hierarchy: Ordering Motivational Needs

Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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Maslows Hierarchy: Ordering Motivational Needs

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Self-actualization
a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential in the own unique way

Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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Human Needs and Motivation

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What are the biological and social factors that underlie hunger? How are needs relating to achievement, affiliation, and power motivation exhibited?

Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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The Motivation Behind Hunger and Eating

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Biological factors
hypothalamus weight set point
the particular level of weight that the body strives to maintain

genetic factors
metabolism - the rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body
Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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The Motivation Behind Hunger and Eating

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Social factors
external social factors, based on societal rules and conventions and on what we have learned about appropriate eating behavior conditioned association of food with comfort, consolation escape from unpleasant thoughts

Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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Eating Disorders
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Anorexia Nervosa
a severe eating disorder in which people may refuse to eat, while denying that their behavior and appearance are unusual

Bulimia
a disorder in which a person binges on incredibly large quantities of food, and then purges
Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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The Need for Achievement: Striving for success

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The need for achievement

a stable, learned characteristic in which satisfaction is obtained by striving for and attaining a level of excellence

Measuring achievement motivation

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Racial Differences in achievement motivation

Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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Other Human Needs

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Need for affiliation

an interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people

Need for Power

tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others, and to be seen as a powerful individual

Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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Understanding Emotional Experiences

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What are emotions, how do we experience them, and what are their functions? Emotions
feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior

Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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The Functions of Emotions

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Preparing us for action

a link between external events and behavioral responses

Shaping our future behavior

act as reinforcement

Helping us to regulate social interaction

allow observers to better understand us
Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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Deciphering our Emotions

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The James-Lange Theory

the belief that emotional experience is a reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation

The Cannon-Bard Theory

the belief that both physiological and emotional arousal are produced simultaneously by the same nerve impulse
Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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Deciphering our Emotions

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The Schacter-Singer Theory

the belief that emotions are determined jointly by a nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation, based on environmental cues support a cognitive view of emotions

Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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The Truth About Lies

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Polygraph
an electronic device designed to expose people who are telling lies

Event-related brain potentials

reflect tiny changes in electrical voltage that can be measured on a persons scalp

Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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Nonverbal Behavior and the Expression of Emotions

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Do People in all cultures express emotion similarly? Facial-affect program

the activation of a set of nerve impulses that make the face display the appropriate expression

Display rules
the guidelines that govern the appropriateness of showing emotion nonverbally
Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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Nonverbal Behavior and the Expression of Emotions

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The facial-feedback hypothesis

facial expressions not only reflect emotional experience, they also help determine how people experience and label emotions

Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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