(11) Anand Joshi (39) Sanket Patel

(47) Abhishek Shah

M.O.A.
A.O.A.

It is a Charter setting out constitution of the company. It defines rights, scope and conditions of incorporation. It is the supreme document.

It is a document containing rules and regulation Or bye-laws relating to the internal Management Of the Company. It is subordinate to the memorandum.

M.O.A. A.O.A.

It controls the External operation of the company. It defines legal relationship between the company and third parties including creditors and general public.

It controls the internal operations of the company, It governs relations between the company & its members .

M.O.A.
A.O.A.

The preparation and registration is essential for all companies.

Registration is not necessary except in some case.

M.O.A. A.O.A.

It is a Fundamental document prepare by a Company for its incorporation.

It is complimentary document. A company limited by shares may adopt table-A instead of preparing its own articles.

M.O.A.

The scope of activities and limitation of a company is determined by it.

A.O.A.

It regulates and controls the affairs related to internal management of the company.

Conversion by default

Conversion of private company into public company

Conversion under section 43-A

Conversion By Choice/Section 44

When the Articles of a company include the provision of private company but default is made in any of provision. Company is free to enjoy the benefits of the public company. Company Law board may believe the company from being prepared as public company if it is opinion that the mistake was accidental.

Where not less then 25% of paid up Share Capital of a Private Company is held by one or more public Company. Where annual turnover of the private company is 25Crore or more In the last 3 years. The private Company will become the public company after the 3 months from the last day of such relevant period. When private company holds not less than 25% of the paid up share capital of the public company. After an invitation mode by an advertisement, if a private company accepts the deposits from public, It shall become the public company.

It shall pass special resolution to alter its Articles Of Association. A copy of resolution must be file with register in 30 days of passing resolution. It shall increase the number of member to minimum 7.

Delete the word private from its name.

Classification of Commerce

Trade

Auxiliaries or Aids to Trade

Internal trade

External trade

Transportation

Warehousing

Wholesale

Insurance
Retail Import Export

Financing

The term commerce includes all activities pertaining to the transfer of goods & services from the place where they are produces to the where they are used.

Trade is the branch of commerce dealing with exchange or movement of goods & services. A trade is a most vital part of commerce & includes buying & selling only.

Internal trade refers to purchase & sale of goods & services within the geographical boundaries of a country. It can be further classified as wholesale & retail trade.

Foreign trade may be also classified as import & export trade.

(1) Import Trade: The purchase of goods from a different country is known as import trade.

(2) Export Trade: Sale of goods to another country is known as Export trade

The transportation service helps to remove obstacle of place in movement of goods & service. The transportation services are useful for making the goods available at place where they are required from the places where they are produced.

Generally, there is an element of risk in the operation trade activities. Damage by fire, loss by perils of the sea, deterioration due to natural causes are some of the risks, which are attached to the business transactions. The loss arises out of such risks can be covered, By getting them insured with an insurance company.

Some products like food, grains, jute & cotton are produced during certain seasons but their demand is throughout the year. Hence the need arises to store them in warehousing. Thus, storing or warehousing creates time utility and the obstacle of time in trade is removed.

Businessman require finance for investment in stock of goods, fixed asset & also to meet the day to day expenses etc. Hence there is a need of financing institution to counter balance the hindrance of money. Banks & Other financial institutions assist the businessmen by lending money, And rendering various other services, which are needed by a modern business enterprise.