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Hg ,
+
except
Cl
Ag+
Pb2 +
Hg + - M Ag+ - A Pb2 + - P Ba 2+ - B
NH4+ - A Ca2 + - C
SO4 2-
PCB
Solubility in water
soluble
soluble soluble soluble insoluble insoluble soluble
Name a salt which have the same solubility in water as powdered copper(II) sulphate.
SO4 2-
[ 1 mark ]
GO TO
Q13
+1
Na+
H+
K+
Ag+
Li+
Nak Hafal Kimia Agak Liat +2 Cu2+ Ba2+ Ca2+ Pb2+ Mg2+ Zn2+ Fe2+
Fetrah Alam
-1
OH -
NO3 -
Br -
Cl -
F-
I-
-2
SO42-
S2-
CO32-
O2-
Table shows the positive and negative ions in three solution Name of solution Copper(II) sulphate Sodium chloride Lead(II) nitrate Positive ion Cu2+ Na+ Pb2+ Negative ion SO42Cl NO3 -
(a)
Write the formula for copper(II) sulphate, sodium chloride and lead(II) nitrate.
Copper(II) sulphate
Lead(II) bromide Cu 2+ + Pb 2+ + SO4 2BrBrCuSO4 PbBr2
Q4
CARBON COMPOUNDS Alkane : - ane CnH2n+1 n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4 n=5 n=6 n =7 Alkene : - ene CnH2n MethEthPropButPentHexHeptMengapa Engkau Pergi Buat Pedih Hati Hamba Alkohol : - ol CnH2n+1OH
CH3
CH3
What is the IUPAC name for this alkane ? 1. 2,3,5 trimethylhexane 2. 2,4,5 - trimethylhexane
[ 1 mark ] Q17
H H 2 C C = H
H C
H C H
CH
H
i.
Name the homologous series for the hydrocarbon given above. ii. Give the IUPAC name for the above compound. i. alkene
ii.
Pent - 2 - ene
[ 2 marks ]
Q18
H H 2 C C H
H H 4 C C HCH
CH
HCH
H i. Name the homologous series for the hydrocarbon given above. ii. Give the IUPAC name for the above compound.
i. ii. alkene 4-
[ 2 marks ]
Q19
20
1H
Hydrogen
Hajat
2He
Helium
Hendak
3Li
Lithium
Lihat
4Be
Berilium
Bedah
5B
Boron
Balas
6C
Carbon
Cinta
7N
Nitrogen Nanti
8O
Oxygen Orang
9F
Flourin Fikir
10Ne
Neon Neat
11Na
Natrium / Sodium Nak
12Mg
Mgnesium Mgorat
13Al
Aluminium
Alamak
14Si
Silicon
Si
15P
Phosphorus
Pendi
16S
Sulphur Siap
17Cl
Chlorine Clewang
18Ar
Argon Arku
19K
Kalium /Pottasium Kena
20Ca
Calsium
Cabut
QUESTION 1
Elements
Electrons arrangement
W
X Y
Na Mg Cl
2.8.1
2.8.2 2.8.7
The above table shows the electrons arrangement for the elements W, X and Y Explain, based on the electrons arrangement, how the bonds are formed between i. W and Y, and ii. X and Y [ 5 marks ] [ 7 marks ]
Go to
CATION
Fe2+
Fe3+
Cu2+
NH4+
Pb2+
Zn2+
Al3+
PZAL
Mg2+
Ca2+
MgC
CATION SOLUTION
Percipitates
Coloured
Green
Brown
Fe3+
Mg2+
Blue
Cu2+
PZAL MgC
Coloured
Green
Fe2+ Zn2+
Brown
Fe3+
Mg2+
Al3+
Pb2+
Blue
Cu2+
Zn MAP
Pb2+
Zn2+
Al3+
Mg2+
PZAL
MgC
Reagent:
NaOH (aq)
Reagent:
Precipitate: White
PZAL MgC
Zn2+
Mg2+
Al3+
Pb2+
Zn
MAP
Reagent:
NH3 (aq)
Reagent:
Precipitate: White
Zn MAP
Colourless / solube : Zn
Q14
Compound J
Heat
Dissolved in water
White precipitate R
Pb 2+
Zn 2+
Al
3+
Pb 2+
Figure 3
Observation White precipitate formed. Pb 2+ The white precipitate dissolve in 2+ excess sodium hydroxide Zn Al 3+ solution. White precipitate formed.
PbSO4
The table above shows the observations made for a test conducted on a colorless solution. Among the ions below, which ion will probably exist in the solution? A Al3+ B Mg2+ C Pb2+ D Zn2+
Q12
ANIONS
CO32-
Cl -
SO42-
NO3 -
MNEUMONIC
No NO3 -
Clue Cl -
So SO42-
Nothing NO3 -
White precipitate
Brown ring
Ag+ Agong
Reagent:
NO NO3 1. HNO3 2. AgNO3
H + NO3 -
NO3 -
H+
Hati
+
Ag
Agong
Anion: Cl-
Clue
Observation:
White precipitate
Reagent:
Clue Ba 2+ H+ Cl Cl1. BaCl2 2. HCl
Cl -
Ba2+
Balik
H+
Haji
Anion: SO
SO4 2-
Observation:
White precipitate
Reagent:
SO SO4 21. Dilute H2SO4 2. FeSO4 3. Concentrated H2SO4
Q11
Added with dilute Nitric acid
Solution Y
White Precipitate
White Precipitate
State the ions present in solution Y: [Nyatakan ion yang hadir dalam larutan Y:
(e)
You were given with copper(II) nitrate solution. (i) Describe briefly how you would test for the presence of nitrate ion in the solution.
uji
NO 3 -
guna
[ 3 points ]
Q10e
GO TO GO TO
CHEMISTRY CONCEPTS
OBSERVATION
TYPE OF PRODUCT Chlorine gas, Cl 2 Bromine gas, Br 2 OBSERVATION Greenish-yellow/ yellow gas bubbles released Brown gas bubbles released Colourless gas bubbles released Colourless gas bubbles released Grey solids formed Brown solid formed
Oxygen gas, O 2
Hydrogen gas, H 2 Almost all metals (except copper metal) Copper metal
O2 Cl2
When a lighten wooden splinter is placed near the mouth of the test tube, a POP sound is hear When a glowing wooden splinter is placed near the mouth of the test tube, the glowing splinter lights up Changes moist blue litmus paper to red and then bleach it.
CHEMICAL CELL
Porous pot Copper rod Magnesium rod copper(II) sulphate solution 1.0 mol dm -3 magnesium sulphate solution 1.0 mol dm -3
VOLTAIC CELL Change of energy: Chemical energy Electrical energy Apparatus setup : voltmeter or ammeter/galvanometer Negative electrode/terminal: Type of reaction : Oxidation Half equation : Metal atom metal ion Positive electrode/terminal: Type of reaction : Reduction Half equation : Metal ion metal atom.
Half equation (-) Terminal: Mg Mg 2+ + 2e (Oxidation) Electrons flow through the external circuit from (-) to (+) terminal. (+) Terminal: Cu2+ + 2e Cu (Reduction) * Magnesium electrode/ terminal is the negatif terminal because it is higher than copper inthe electrochemical series.
OH OH
Appendix 1
H
Decolourise acidified potassium manganate(VII) K Cr O 2 2 7
sodium ethanoate H
H
O C ONa
C
H
C
H
C
H
GLUCOSE
CO2 + H2O H+ BURNING (+ O2) H H C H HIDROGENATION C H H 2 H H Ethane Substitution reactions Ni, 180 oC H Ethene H DEHYDRATION (-H20) POLYMERIZATION 300 o C, 1200 atm H C C H3PO4 , 300 oC, 60 atm H HYDRATION (+H2O) H C C H H H
salt + H 20
Neutralization + NaOH
H H O C
OXIDATION KMn04 H+
C H
Ethanoic acid
H OH Ethanol
K Cr O 2 2 7
OH
Carbonated metal
H H C H
CI2 , U.V
salt + H2
H H C H n H C H H C CI H H H C H O C
H H C CI
H C CI H H
H C Br
H C Br H
H C H
salt + CO2 + H2
OMg O C OCu
Magnesium Ethanoate
Cuprum(II) Ethanoate
eg: CuCO3
REDOX CELL
Carbon electrode
Carbon electrode
Bromine water
Observation : Galvanometer indicator deflects. The function of dilute sulphuric acid : Salt bridge / allows the ions to flow through it.
Negative electrode/anode : Half equation :2I I2 + 2e (Oxidation) Observation: Coulorless solution turns yellow . Iodine gas evolved Positive electrode/cathode: Half equation:Br2 + 2e
2Br- (Reduction)
ELECTROLYSIS
Anode
Cathode
Electrolyte
Electrolytes Conc.hydrochloric acid Dilute sulphuric acid Copper(II) sulphate solution Sodium chloride solution 0.01 mol dm -3 / conc.
Ions presence
H+, OH-, Cl H+, OH-, SO42Cu 2+ , H+, OH-, SO42Na+ , Cl H+, OH-,
Products Anode(+) Chlorine gas Oxygen gas Oxygen gas Chlorine gas Cathode (-) Hydrogen gas Hydrogen gas Copper deposited Hydrogen gas
Cation K+ Na + Ca 2+ Mg 2+ Al 3+ Zn 2+ Fe 2+ Sn 2+ Pb 2+ H+ Cu 2+ Hg 2+ Au +
Chlorine gas
Oxygen gas
Copper deposited
Hydrogen gas
ELECTROLYTE Substances that can conduct electricity when they are in molten state or aqueous solution and undergo chemical changes.
Process - chemical compounds in molten or aqueous state that can be broken down into its constituent elements by passing through electricity through it Electrical energy (EE) Chemical energy (CE) Apparatus setup : Power source presence Anode (+) Type of reaction : Oxidation Negative ions are selectively discharged by releasing/donating electrons thus forming gas molecules. 2Cl - Cl 2 + 2e Observation: Yellow gas released Cathode (-) Types of reaction : Reduction Positive ions( Copper/hydrogen ions ) accept electrons to form copper/ hydrogen gas. 2H+ + 2 e H2 Pemerhatian : Colourless gas released/gas bubbles released Loss of electrons and gain of electrons occur Redox reaction
IONIC BOND
Na+ 2.8
Cl2.8
Metal atom ( Group 1, 2 dan 3 ) combines with non-metal atom (Group15,16 dan 17) Proton no. of metal atoms 11 ( 2.8.1) 19 ( 2.8.8.1 ) 12 ( 2.8.2) 20 (2.8. 8.2) Proton no. of non-metal atoms 17 ( 2.8.7 ) Formulae of the compound formed NaCl KCl MgCl2 CaCl2
17 ( 2.8.7 )
1. Electrons arrangement of X atom is 2.8.1 and Y atom is 2.8.7 respectively. 2. X atom donates one electron to achieve the octet electron arrangement // stable electron arrangement forming a positive ion X+. 3. Y atom accept one electron to achieve the stable octet electron arrangement forming a negative ion Y- . 4. Both ions are attracted to each other due to the existence of a strong electrostatic between the oppositely-charged ion.
COVALENT BOND
Non-metal atom combines with non-metal atom. ( Group14,15 ,16 and 17 ) which have a valence electron of 4,5,6 and 7. Group 14 Group 16 Group 17 Formula 6 ( 2.4 ) 6 ( 2.4 ) 17 (2.8.7 ) CCl4 CO2 Carbon tetrachloride molecule,CCl4
8 (2.6. )
1. Electron arrangement of X atom is 2.4 and the electron arrangement of Y atom is 2.8.7. 2. Each X atom contributes four electrons for sharing to achieve the stable electron arrangement. 3. Each Y atom contributes one electron for sharing to achieve the stable electron arrangement. 4. Four Y atoms will share electrons with one X atom to form a covalent bond.
RATE OF REACTION The rate of change in concentration against time. Graph : Volume of gas evolved (cm 3) against time (s)
Total volume of gas (cm 3)
L- T- S- Guide lines for graph plotting. The rate of change in concentration against time. Graph : Volume of gas evolved (cm 3) against time (s) P- Labeled axes with their units. S- Consistence scales T All coordinates transferred correctly. L Smooth curve/line.
P-
Time (s)
1.Figure of a functioning apparatus setup 2.Label :acid, water and zinc/calsium carbonate.
a.
b.
Average rate of reaction = total volume of gas liberated time taken Average rate of reaction for the third minute = V t3 - V t 2 t3 - t2
c.
The instantaneous rate of reaction i. Within the range of 0.01 / 0.0001 cm3 s-1 ii. Calculation is shown iii. Tangent in the graph is shown. iv. Correct unit is used. Tangen = y2 - y1 X2 - x1
The smaller the size of a fixed mass of solid reactant, the bigger the total surface area exposed to collision. The frequency of collision increases The frequency of effective collision increases Rate of reaction increases.
2.Effect of temperature The higher the temperature, The higher the kinetic energy of the reacting particles. The particles move faster The frequency of collision increases The frequency of effective collision increases Rate of reaction increases.
3. Effect of concentration The higher the concentration of a reactant, The higher the number of particles per unit volume, The frequency of collision increases The frequency of effective collision increases Rate of reaction increases. 4. Effect of catalyst Catalyst lowers the activation energy. More particles are able to achieve the lower activation energy The frequency of collision increases The frequency of effective collision increases Rate of reaction increases.
H2O + CO2
PROCESS
HABER PROCESS Nitrogen and hydrogen Ammonia For manufacturing ammonium fertilisers Temperature: 400 550 0C Pressure: 200 atm iron N2 + 3H2 2NH3 H = -180 kJ mol-1
OTSWALD PROCESS
Reactants
Products
Sulphuric acid
Nitric acid
Condition
Temperature: 450-600 0 C
Temperature: 800-900 0 C
Vanadium(V) oxide 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2O7 H2S2O7 + H2SO4 2H2SO4
Platinum 4NH3 + 5O2 4N0 + 6H2O 2NO + O2 2NO2 4NO2 + O2 + 2H20 4HNO3
Beaker
When palm oil reacts with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, sodium palmitate is formed (soap). 1. 10 cm3 of palm oil is poured into a beaker. 2. 50 cm3 sodium hydroxide solution is added. 3. The mixture is heated and stirred. 4. Mixture is lead to boil. 5. Solid sodium chloride is added. 6. Then, the mixture is cooled. 7. Products is filtered. 8. The precipitate is washed with little water.
water
Grease clothes
NATURAL RUBBER Coagulation process of latex Natural rubber is a natural polymer which is produced through the addition polymerization process undergone by its monomer, isoprene molecules ( 2-methylbuta-1,3 diene )
2-methylbut-1,3-diene
polymerization
Isoprene molecule
Latex polymer
Protein membrane
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Rubber particle is made up of long-chain rubber molecules enclosed by a Protein membrane which is Negatively charged. The rubber particles repulse each other . When acid is added, the hydrogen ions neutralize the negative charges. This enables the particles to collide with one another resulting in the breakage of the protein membrane. 7. The rubber molecules entangle with one another and thus causing coagulation.
weight
1.Two equal size strips is cut from a rubber sheets. 2. One strip of the rubber sheet is dipped into the solution of disulphur dichloride, S2Cl2 in metyylbenzene for five minutes 3. Both the vulcanized and unvulcanized strips are hangged as shown above. 4. The initial length of both rubber strips are measured. 5. A 10 g weight is hangged to the end of each rubber strip. 6. The weights are removed. 7. The length of both rubber strips are measured. 8. Steps 4 to 7 are repeated with an increasing weights until one of the strips snapped// 9. Steps 4 to 7 are repeated with different weights.
1. Vulcanized rubber is harder and stronger. 2. Vulcanized rubber is more elastic. 3. Vulcanized rubber can withstand higher temperature. due to; the presence of cross-linkages of sulphur atoms between the rubber molcules prevent the rubber molecules from slipping.
Glucose
ethanol
1.Dissolve some glucose in water and put it in a beaker. 2.Add some yeast into the glucose solution. 3.Stopper the beaker. 4.Leave it for 1 day or afew days. 5.Filter the mixture. 6.Distill the filtrate to a temperature of 75-80 0 C and collect the distillate.
Ethanol ethanoic acid CH3CH2OH + 2[O] CH3COOH + H2O @ Acidified Potassium mangganate(VII) + etanol. Heat. Purple colour of acidified potassium mangganate(VII) decolourised. MnO4- Mn2+
1.Soak the glass wool with ethanol 2.Insert it into the boiling tube. 3.Insert some pieces of porcelain into the boiling tube. 4.Heat the porcelain strongly. 5.Then, slowly heat the glass wool. 6.Collect the gas evolve through water displacement method.
FOOD ADDITIVES
EXAMPLE
FUNCTION
Antioxidants
Stabilizers
lecithin
Thickeners
Thicken foods. Add or restore the colour in food in order to enhance its visual appeal.
Dyes
FOOD ADDITIVES
EXAMPLE
FUNCTION
Preservatives
sodium nitrite, acid benzoik, sulphur dioxide Monosodium glutamate, aspartame, pentyl ethanoate
Flavourings
[REDOX]
DEFINITION
OXIDATION : Reactions involving the gain of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen. GAIN OF OXYGEN @ LOSS OF HYDROGEN OXIDIZING AGENT (OXIDANT): Substance that causes oxidation. REDUCTION: Reaction involving the loss of oxygen or the gain of hydrogen. LOSS OF OXYGENT @ GAIN OF OXYGEN REDUCING AGENT: Substance that causes reduction
FeSO4 solution [Fe2+ Fe3+ + e ] Observation : Change of colour of the solution: green yellow
Sulphuric acid
observation : Brown colour of solution colourless
Ionic equation:
2Fe2+ + Br2 2Fe3+ + 2Br Oxidizing agent : Bromin, Br2 Reducing agent : ferum (III) ion, Fe3+
hydrocarbon Organic compound that contain only carbon and hydrogen. [Sebatian yang mengandungi karbon dan hydrogen sahaja] Compounds with the same molecular formulae but different structural formulae [sebatian yang mempunyai formula molekul yang sama tetapi formula struktur yang berlainan] isomers
The formula that gives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound [Formula yang menunjukkan nisbah paling ringkas bilangan atom setiap jenis unsur dalam suatu sebatian.] A process whereby compounds in molten or aqueous state are broken down into their constituent elements by passing electricity through them [Proses dimana suatu sebatian diurai oleh arus elektrik dalam keadaan lebur atau larutan berai
Empirical formula
Electrolysis
It is reduced in the redox reduction [Bahan yang mengalami penurunan] It is oxidized in the redox reduction [Bahan yang mengalami pengoksidaan] A chemical reaction that released heat [Tindakbalas kimia yang mebebaskan haba]
Reducing agent
Oxidation agent
Exothermic reaction
A chemical reaction that absorbs heat [Tindak balas yang menyerap haba] The energy changes when 1 mole of water formed from the neutralization between 1 mole of hydrogen ions, H + from an acid and 1 mole of hydroxide ions, OH - from an alkali [Haba yang dibebaskan apabila 1 mol ion hydrogen meneutralkan 1 mol ion hidroksida .]
Endothermic reaction
Heat of neutralization
The temperature at which a solid changes into liquid at a particular pressure [Suhu dimana pepejal berubah menjadi cecair pada tekanan piawai] Chemical substance which Ionise completely in water and produce high concentration of hydroxide ions. [Bahan yang terurai lengkap menghasilkan kepeketan ion hidroksida yang tinggi dalam air.]
Melting point
Strong alkali
Chemical substance which Ionise completely in water and produce high concentration of hydrogen ions. [Bahan yang terurai lengkap menghasilkan kepekatan ion hidrogen yang tinggi dalam air]. Chemical substance which ionises partially in water and produce hydroxide ions [Bahan yang terurai separa untuk menghasilkan ion hidroksida dalam air]
Strong acid
Weak alkali
Chemical substance which ionises partially in water and produce hydrogen ions [Bahan yang terurai separa untuk menghasilkan ion hidrogen dalam air.] The changes in quantity of reactants and reaction products with time [Perubahan kuantiti bahan atau hasil terhadap masa]
Weak acid
rate of reaction
An ionic compound formed from replacing hydrogen ions in an acid with metal or ammonium ions. [Sebatian yang terhasil daripada menggantikan ion hydrogen dalam sesuatu asid oleh ion logam atai ion ammonium] The minimum energy the colliding reactant particles must have before collision between them can result in chemical reaction. [Tenaga minimum yang diperlukan bagi bahan tindak balas untuk bertindak balas.]
Salts
Activation energy
The hydrolysis of an ester when the catalyst is an alkali. [Proses membuat sabun daripada hidrolisis ester] Reaction that involves in transferring electron or involves in changing oxidation number [Tindak balas yang melibatkan pemindahan elektron atau tindak balas yang melibatkan perubahan nombor pengoksidaan.]
Saponification
Redox
Organic compound that contain only carbon and hydrogen and contain double or triple bonds between carbon atoms. [Sebatian yang mengandungi karbon dan hidrogen sahaja dan terdapat ikatan ganda dua antara atom karbon]
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
A reaction that involves the exchange of ions to produce insoluble salts. [Tindak balas yang melibatkan pertukaran ion untuk menghasilkan garam yang tidak larut.]
Natural rubber becomes more elastic and stronger after treat it with sulphur [Proses menukarkan getah kepada bahan yang kuat dengan menambahkan sulfur.]
vulcanization
The energy change when 1 mole of metal is displaced from salt solution by a more electropositive metal [Haba yang dibebaskan apabila 1 mol logam disesarkan garamnya oleh logam yang lebih elektropositif]
A process of combining monomers to form a long chain of molecules [Proses penggabungan beberapa monomer menjadi molekul besa Long chains of molecules from combination of two or more small molecules known as monomers [Molekul berantai panjang yang terbentuk daripada penggabungan dua atau lebih molekul kecil dipanggil monomer]
Polymerisation
Polymers