BLOOD

functions
Blood is pump by the heart through blood vessels, which extend throughout the body. Blood helps to maintain homeostatis in several ways: Transport o gases, nutrients, and waste products Transport o processed molecules Transport o regulatory molecules

FUNCTIONS
regulation of pH and osmosis Maintenance o body temperature Protection against foreign substances Clot formation

Composition
Connective tissue-Two parts Plasma = soluble materials (~55%) Formed Elements = cells (~45%) Percent occupied by red blood cells (RBC) = hematocrit (Hct) White blood cells (WBC) ~1%

Plasma
~91% water, 7% proteins, 1.5 % other solutes Proteins: Albumin (54%)- osmosis and carriers; Globulins (38%)- antibodies Fibrinogen (7%)- clotting Other: Electrolytes , nutrients, gases, hormones, vitamins & waste products

Composition
Plasma Components Water Functions and Examples Acts as a solvent and suspending medium or blood

components
Proteins Maintains osmotic pressure (albumin), destroy foreign substances (antibodies and complement), transport molecules (albumin, globulins), and form clots (fibrinogen) Ions Involved in osmotic pressure (sodium, and chloride ions), membrane potentials (Na & K ions) and acidbase balance (H, hydroxide and bicarbonate) Nutrients Source of energy and building blocks o more complex molecules (glucose, amino acids,

triglycerides)

Gases Waste Products

Involved in aerobic respirations (O2and CO2) Breakdown products o protein metabolism (urea and ammonia salts), erythrocytes (bilirubin), and aerobic respiration (lactic acid)

Regulatory Substances

Catalyze stimulate

chemical or

reactions many

(enzymes) body

and

inhibit

functions

(hormones)

Formed Elements
I. Red Blood Cells II. White blood cells
A. granular Leukocytes
1. 2. 3. Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils T & B lymphocytes & natural Killer cells monocytes

B. Agranular leukocytes
1. 2.

III Platelets

Formation of Blood Cells

Hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis process of blood cells production Just before birth and throughout life occurs in red bone marrow, liver, thymus gland, spleen and lymph nodes After birth red bone marrow With WBC produced in lymphatic tissues Contains pluripotent stem cells In response to specific hormones these develop through a series of changes to form all of the blood cells

Figure 14.2a

Figure 14.2b

Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Hemoglobin package- carries oxygen
Also carries some CO2

Male has ~ 5.4 million cells/l; Female has ~4.8 million membrane, no nucleus, flexible structure use glucose for ATP production to maintain ionic composition
No mitochondria

Wear out fast- live ~120 days

RBC Cycling
cleared by macrophages (liver & Spleen) Fe- recycled in bone marrow
Carried in blood on transferrin

Heme bilirubin and excreted (bile) Globin A.A. recycled.

RBC Cycling
cleared by macrophages (liver & Spleen) Fe- recycled in bone marrow
Carried in blood on transferrin

Heme bilirubin and excreted (bile), redpigment moleule which contains one iron atom necessary for the normal fucntion of hemoglobin Globin A.A. recycled.; protein pigment bounded to the heme

Figure 14.3

RBC Synthesis
called erythropoiesis From stem cells: hemocytoblasts Released as reticulocytes
Mature to erythrocytes in 1-2 days

Production & destruction is balanced Low O2 delivery (hypoxia) erythropoietin release (EPO) from kidney Stimulates erythropoiesis

White Blood Cells

Defenses: phagocytes, antibody production and antibacterial action Phagocytes:
Neutrophil- first responders Monocytes macrophages (big eaters) Eosinophil- phagocitize antibody-antigen complexes Involved in suppressing allergic responses Basophil- intensify allergic reactions

Immune response:
T-cells, B-cells& natural killer (NK) cells

Platelets
Myeloid stem cells megakaryocytes 2000 -3000 fragments = platelets Plug damaged blood vessels Promote blood clotting Life span 5-9 days

Formed elements of the Blood

Cell Type Illustration

Function

Red Blood

Transport types of white blood cells, each with

specific functions

White Blood Cells

Five types o WBC, each with specific functions

Granulocytes Neutrophil

Phagocytizes microorganisms and other substances

Basophil

Releases histamine, which promotes

inflammation and heparin which prevents clot formation

Formed elements of the Blood

Eosinophil Releases chemicals that reduce inflammation; attacks certain worm parasites

Agranulocytes Lymphocyte

Produces antibodies and other chemicals responsible for destroying microorganisms; contributes to allergic reactions, graft rejection, tumor control, and regulation of the immune system

Monocyte

Phagocytic cell in the blood; leaves the blood and becomes a macrophage, which phagocytizes bacteria, dead cells, cell fragments, and other debris within tissues

Platelet

Forms platelet plugs; releases chemicals necessary for blood clotting

Hemostasis
Hemostasis = stationary blood 1. Vascular reactions (spasm)
Response to damage Quick reduction of blood loss

2. platelet plug formation

Become sticky when contact damaged vessel wall

3. blood clotting (coagulation)

Series of chemical reactions involving clotting factors

Clotting in unbroken vessel= thrombosis

Coagulation
Extrinsic pathway common steps
tissue factor(TF) from damaged cells 1

Intrinsic Pathway common steps

Materials intrinsic to blood 1

1. prothrombinase which causes 2. prothrombin thrombin causes 3. fibrinogen fibrin clot

Clot Retraction & Vessel Repair

Clot pugs ruptured area Gradually contracts (retraction) Pulls sides of wound together Fibroblasts replace connective tissue epithelial cells repair lining

Control Mechanisms
Fibrinolysis: dissolving of clot by activated plasmin enclosed in clot Clots can be triggered by roughness on vessel wall = thrombosis Loose clot = embolus and can block a small vessel = embolism

Blood Types
Surface antigens- react with antibodies Divided into groups based on antigens
> 24 blood groups and > 100 different antigens

We will deal with ABO and Rh groups

ABO Group
Two antigens = A & B If have only A type A If have only B type B If neither then Type O Blood usually has antibodies that can react with antigens
e.g. anti-A antibody or anti-B antibody
Thus: type A has anti-B and vice versa

You dont react with your own antigens

Figure 14.6

Blood Type Inheritance Possibilities Based on Parents' Types

PARENTAL COMBINATIONS

Possible Inheritances

AB/AB

AB/B AB/A AB/O

B/B

A/B

A/A

O/B

O/A

O/O

O A B AB

no yes yes yes

no yes yes yes

no yes yes yes

no yes yes no

yes no yes no

yes yes yes yes

yes yes no no

yes no yes no

yes yes no no

yes no no no

Rh Blood Group
Antigen discovered in rhesus monkey If have antigen- Rh+ Normally dont have antibodies antibodies develop after the first exposure from transfusion

Transfusions
If mismatched blood given antibodies bind to it and hemolyze cells Type AB has no AB antibodies so can receive any ABO type blood called Universal recipients Type O have neither antigen so can donate to any other ABO type called Universal donors Misleading because of many other blood groups that must be matched