Presented By Mrs Deepti.

C Faculty of Engineering Christ University

Electricity
Electricity occurs in 2 different forms

Static
Is stationary E.g. Brush your hair Wool socks in tumble drier

Current
Flows around circuit E.g. turn on light Walkman

Static electricity

Static Electricity when a material has an excess or a lack of electrons.

Static Electricity
Occurs with materials which are insulators Rubbing adds or removes electrons Object becomes charged Like objects repel, unlike attract

Current Electricity
Electrons flow through a conductor Negative to positive Circuit = continuous loop for electrons to flow Needs energy supply Energy user

What is electricity?
It is a form of energy that is created from the movement of electrons of atoms. When the electrons move from one atom to the next, energy is created. The word electricity comes from the same root word as electron.

Electricity is a kind of energy. It is made in power stations. Electricity is also made in batteries.

How do you think electricity is connected to our homes?

There are many sources of electricity such as:

Fossil fuels: coal, oil and wood.

The electricity produced in power stations is carried through wires into buildings. This is called mains electricity and we can connect to it by using a plug.

What can you see in this classroom that uses mains electricity?

What things do you have at home that use

mains electricity?

Electricity Generation

Fossil Fuels

Hydro Dam

Hydroelectric power

Nuclear power

Wind Power

Tidal Power

Geothermal

Solar
Solar water heating Photovoltaic cells Solar furnace

Inside a battery are two different chemicals. When you put a battery into an appliance a circuit is made.
The two chemicals begin to change into new chemicals. As they change an electrical current flows along the circuit making the appliance work.

Can you think of appliances that use batteries?

The CELL
The cell stores chemical energy and transfers it to electrical energy when a circuit is connected. When two or more cells are connected together we call this a Battery. The cells chemical energy is used up pushing a current round a circuit.

Batteries
Batteries are not little packages of energy. Batteries collect electrons in the negative (-) terminal. Chemicals inside the battery rapidly push the electrons out the positive (+) terminal creating

Conductor
Something that allows thermal energy to pass easily Metal Water

semi-Conductor

Insulator Something that does NOT allow thermal energy to pass easily

Electric Charge
Measured in COULOMBS
Six million trillion electrons is about - 1 C. Six million trillion protons is about + 1 C.

Potential Difference (voltage)

Difference in electric potential between two points. Potential difference between A and B is 0

Potential Difference
Batteries provide potential difference between one end of the circuit and the other

Potential Difference (voltage)

Why arent birds on power lines shocked?
The Potential Difference between their feet is zero! (0 voltage)

Voltage
A voltmeter is used to measure voltage Voltage is also known as potential difference The unit of voltage is volts (V)

Voltage (V)
Gain or loss of energy as it passes through a component Voltage lost = voltage gained In series voltage loss is shared between components In parallel voltage loss is the same across all components

Voltage
The electron travels around the atom at a very high rate of speed. When the electrons move from one atom to the next, the energy created is

measuring voltage
The electrical push which the cell gives to the current

is called the voltage. It is measured in volts (V) on a

voltmeter

measuring voltage
Different cells produce different voltages. The

bigger the voltage supplied by the cell, the bigger the

current.

Unlike an ammeter a voltmeter is connected across

the components

Scientist usually use the term Potential Difference

(pd) when they talk about voltage.

What is a current?
Current is a flow of electrons round the circuit Current will only flow through a component in a circuit if there is a voltage across that component

What is an electric current?

An electric current is a flow of microscopic particles
called electrons flowing through wires and components.
-

In which direction does the current flow?

from the Negative terminal to the Positive terminal of a cell.

Moving Electrons
The moving electrons make a fast flowing river of energy called a current. The current travels through a material like a wire made from aluminum or copper called a conductor.

Direct Current (DC)

Types of Currents

Alternating Current (AC)

Direct Current
Batteries, fuel cells and solar cells all produce something called direct current (DC). The positive and negative terminals of a battery are always positive and negative. The electron current always flows in the same direction between those two terminals.

Car Battery Solar Cell

Fuel Cell

What is direct current?

Direct current is travels in one direction only Cells and batteries supply direct current Direct current is also known as d.c. current or d.c. supply

Direct current
With d.c. current the voltage is constant
The cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) trace will show d.c. supply as a horizontal line

voltage

Alternating Current
The power that comes from a power plant is called alternating current (AC). The direction of the current reverses, or alternates, 60 times per second (in the U.S.) or 50 times per second (in Europe, for example). The power that is available at a wall socket in the United States is 120-volt, 60cycle AC power.

What is alternating current?

Alternating current is also known as a.c. current of a.c supply
This current is always changing direction, so the voltage goes up and down all the time too

Alternating current
a.c. supply will produce a wave on the cathode ray oscilloscope
The voltage with a.c. supply is constantly going up and down

Measuring current
An ammeter is used to measure current Current is measured in amperes or amps (A) for short In physics electrical current is shown as (I)

measuring current
Electric current is measured in amps (A) using

an ammeter connected in series in the circuit.

SUMMARY

In Series

In Parallel
The branches share electrons and add to the total

Current
Voltage

Always the same

Voltage from source = voltage used

Voltage is shared between power users

Voltage is the same in all branches

Circuit symbols:

Heating effect
When electrical charge flows through a resistor it will generate heat This heat is useful in the following: Hairdryers Immersion heaters Light bulbs

Resistance
Resistance tells us how easy or difficult it is for electrical charge to flow through a conductor Resistance (R) is measured in ohms () We can use the following equation to find out the resistance of a wire or a component: Voltage = current x resistance V=IR

Resistance (R)
The amount that a component slows the current
As the electrons are slowed by a resistor, energy is lost in the form of heat. This means that current, resistance and voltage must be linked. This is Ohms law The unit of resistance is the ohm, symbol V I R

What is a light dependant resistor?

In bright light the resistance will drop in an LDR When it is dark the resistance is highest This makes an LDR useful in automatic circuits such as automatic night lights and burglar detectors

What else can affect the resistance in a circuit?

Thick wires have a low resistance as it is easier for current to flow through
Thin wires have a high resistance as it is harder for current to flow through

Long wires in a circuit have a higher resistance than short wires as the current has further to travel

What else affects resistance?

Some metals are better conductors than others Therefore some metals give a higher resistance than others Copper is a good conductor of electricity Copper has a low resistance

Temperature and resistance

If a wire gets warmer, the resistance increases The atoms in the wire start to vibrate more when they have more energy This makes it harder for the flow of electrons to flow through the wire.

Power
Energy used by component per second
Unit of power is the Watt, symbol is W One watt means that 1 joule of electrical energy is being used up per second. Current, voltage and power are linked
P

I V

Electrical Circuits

What is the job of an electrical circuit?

Electrical energy can be transferred through it This electrical energy comes from a battery or other power supply The energy can be transferred to components in the circuit The unit of energy is the joule (J)

Types of Circuits

Types of circuits:

SERIES These circuits go in one continuous loop The current is the same anywhere in the circuit An ammeter can be placed anywhere in the circuit If we get one gap in the circuit the current stops flowing

ELECTRONICS
An electronics system has 3 parts input , process , output

ELECTRONICS

Input Devices Mic-sound to electrical

ELECTRONICS

Thermocouple-heat to electrical Switch Solar Cell-light to electrical

ELECTRONICS Output Devices Loudspeaker-electrical to sound L.E.D.-electrical to light Bulb-electrical to light Buzzer electrical to

ELECTRONICS numbers in a 7 segment display can be produced by using 7 L.E.D.`s

SERIES CIRCUITS

The components are connected end-to-end, one after the other. They make a simple loop for the current to flow round.
If one bulb blows it breaks the whole circuit and all the bulbs go out.

Series Circuit
A circuit that only has one path for current to flow through is called a series circuit. If the path is broken, no current flows through the

PARALLEL CIRCUITS

The components are connected side by side.

The current has a choice of routes. If one bulb blows there is still be a complete circuit to the other bulb so it stays alight.

Parallel Circuit
A type of circuit that has more than one path for current is called a parallel circuit. If the path is broken, the current continues to flow through the circuit.

Components of a Circuit
Power Source

Conductor

Load

simple circuits
Here is a simple electric circuit. It has a cell, a lamp and a switch.
wires

cell

switch

lamp

To make the circuit, these components are connected

together with metal connecting wires.

simple circuits
When the switch is closed, the lamp lights up. This is because there is a continuous path of metal for the electric current to flow around.

If there were any breaks in the circuit, the current could not flow.

Open and Closed Circuits

What will happen if the switch is lifted?

Electrical Safety in the Home

Electric Shocks
Electricity is dangerous and can kill!!
An electric shock can: Affect your muscles. Affect your nerves. Paralyse you. Stop your heart beating. You can get an electric shock from anything which is plugged in or

Electrical Safety
The wires which carry electricity consist of The metal wires. two parts:

The plastic coating round the metal wires.

Electrical Safety
The metal wires act as a conductor of electricity. Conductors are materials which allow electricity to pass through them easily. The plastic coating acts as an insulator which prevents people from being electrocuted. materials which do not allow Insulators are electricity to pass through them easily.

The Plug
Electrical cables allow you to:
Plug appliances into the mains supply. Draw electricity from the mains supply.

The Plug
The live wire. The neutral wire. The earth wire.

Most electric cables normally contain three w

Each of these three wire have different colours of insulation.

Electrical Safety

It is very important that all plugs are wired co

If they are not, then a number of things can go

Electrical Safety
Appliances have three safety devices:

The fuse. The earth wire. The switch.

These devices are designed to stop you from being electrocuted and to prevent the appliance from being damaged.

The Fuse
A fuse is a thin piece of wire which will melt when too much current passes through it. Current is a flow of electricity and is measured in amps (A). Example A 3A fuse will melt when the current is greater than 3A. When a fuse has blown, the wire inside it has melted.

The Fuse
When the wire melts, all current is stopped from reaching the appliance and switches it off.
The fuse stops a large current from flowing through the appliance which could cause wires to overheat, melt or catch fire.

The Switch

Together, the fuse and switch control the amount of electricity that enters an The fuse and the switch are connected to the liv appliance.

Electricity comes in through the live wire. If the fuse is blown, or the switch is off, then the electricity cannot reach the

The Earth Wire

Plugs have 3 pins on them.

The live and neutral pins allow electricity to pass through the appliance and cause it to work. The earth wire does nothing unless something goes wrong.

What can go wrong!

The most dangerous thing that can happen is that the live wire can become loose inside an appliance and touches the casing.
This makes the casing LIVE! If you touch the LIVE casing, you could be electrocuted as you are providing a path for the electricity to flow.

Prevention
To prevent electrocution, the earth wire is connected to the casing of the appliance. If the live wire touches the casing, the earth wire provides a path for the electricity to This blows the fuse and switches the flow. appliance off, leaving you safe.

Fault Spotting
Fault bare wires showing live and neutral wires reversed What could happen! Danger of electrocution. The appliance will still work but when it is switched off it can still electrocute you. The fuse will not blow when it should and there is a danger of overheating and/or fire.

wrong fuse used