BIOLOGY

INCOMPATIBLE FOOD
Be careful what you eat every day

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Contents BIOLOGY PROJECT

1. INTRODUCTION
2. CORROBORATION
3. RUMOUR
4. PRINCIPLE
5. TREATMENT
6. IMPROVEMENT
7. REFERENCE
8. GROUP MEMBERS
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Introduction BIOLOGY PROJECT

 How much do you know about

food you eat every day ?
 Do you know which of the
following matches is wrong ?

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Matches BIOLOGY PROJECT

+ =

+ =

+ =
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Matches BIOLOGY PROJECT

=
Calcium oxalate

=
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Corroboration BIOLOGY PROJECT

Apricot
Chocolate + Milk
Egg/milk + Sugar

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 APRICOT
Corroboration INCOMPATIBLE FOOD

 APRICOT( 杏仁 )
 Containing cyanogenic
glycoside ( 生氰葡萄糖 ) formed by
glycine ( 甘氨酸 )
• A type of amino acid
• Chemical formula : C2H5NO2

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 APRICOT
Cyanide INCOMPATIBLE FOOD

 In plants
Glycine
Glycine Cyanogenic
Glycoside  Cyanide ( 氰化物
)

 Gastric juice in stomach ︰ CN- + H+ 

HCN

Especially Cassava,
Cassava
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 APRICOT
Excess Consumption INCOMPATIBLE FOOD

 Cyanide toxication symptoms

 Vomiting
 Serious headache
−
 Pant( 氣喘 )
 Heart Failure CN
 Death (HCN = 50mg, NaCN/KCN = 200 ~ 300 mg)

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 APRICOT
Principle INCOMPATIBLE FOOD

 Principle of cyanide toxication

 Mitochondrion contains ︰
• Cytochrome oxidase ( 細胞色素氧化酶 )
 Cyanide restrains the function of above
enzyme
3+ −
R − Fe + e → R − Fe 2+

1  ATP cannot be produced

O2 + 2 R − Fe 2+ → 2 R − Fe3+ + O 2−
2 Cells die
O 2 − + 2 H + → H 2O
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 APRICOT
Detoxication Of Cyanide INCOMPATIBLE FOOD

 Detoxication of cyanide in human body

 Rhodanase( 硫氰酸酶 ) rich in liver
 It catalyzes :
- -
S2O 3
2-
+ CN SO 3
2-
+ SCN
 SCN- (Thiosulphate) is harmless
 Thiosulphate is excreted

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 APRICOT
Treatment
−
CN
INCOMPATIBLE FOOD

 Treatment of cyanide toxication

 Sodium Thiosulphate Na2S2O3 ． 5H2O ( 硫代 硫酸
鈉)

 Amyl Nitrite C5H11NO2 ( 亞硝酸 異戍 脂 )

 Sodium Nitrite NaNO2 ( 亞硝 酸鈉 )
 Methylene blue C16H18N3ClS ( 亞甲藍 )
 4-dimethylaminophenol (4- 二甲氨 基苯 酚 )

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 CHOCOLATE + MILK
Chocolate + milk INCOMPATIBLE FOOD

 Chocolate contains ︰
 Oxalic acid
(COOH)2 ． 2H2O ( 草酸 )
 Milk are rich in calcium Ca
 When they mix :
 (COOH)2 ． 2H2O + Ca 
(COO)2Ca ． 2H2O + H2
 Calcium oxalate

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 CHOCOLATE + MILK
Effects INCOMPATIBLE FOOD

 Calcium oxalate
 Precipitate (Insoluble)

(COO ) Ca • 2 H 2O
 Irritates stomach & intestine
 Causes stones (2結石 ) (50% ~ 70%)
 Severe pain
 Blocking the flow of urine
 Infection

 Influences absorption of calcium

 Osteoporosis ( 骨質疏鬆症 )

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 CHOCOLATE + MILK
Treatment INCOMPATIBLE FOOD

 Passing the stone via urine

 A painful process
 Shock wave lithotrities ( 碎石 )

 Surgery

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 CHOCOLATE + MILK
Prevention INCOMPATIBLE FOOD

 Oxalate restriction
 To absorb more calcium
 To eat more citrus fruits (citrate)
 A complexor of calcium
 To drink more water
 To prevent the following matches ︰
 Spinach + tofu
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 CHOCOLATE + MILK
Improvement INCOMPATIBLE FOOD

 In chocolate milk products

 Contains food additives
 E417, E407, E410
 They are stabilizers
 These products are safe

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 CHOCOLATE + MILK
Egg/milk + sugar INCOMPATIBLE FOOD

 Eggs/milk are rich in amino acid

 Sugar contains fructose (C6H12O6)
 When they mix ︰
 Fructose + amino acid 
Fructose-amino acid( 果糖氨基酸 )
• Reaction temperature ︰ >90℃
• Maillard reaction ( 美拉德反應 )

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 CHOCOLATE + MILK
Effects INCOMPATIBLE FOOD

 Fructose-amino acid
 Harmful
 Difficult to digest it
 When enter the blood ︰
• Cause thrombus ( 凝血 )
• Death
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Rumours BIOLOGY PROJECT

Lemon + Shrimp
Crab + Persimmon

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Rumours BIOLOGY PROJECT

 Read the following news ︰

 在台灣，一名女人突然無緣無故的七孔流血暴斃，一夜之間，就奔赴黃泉 ,
大家下回可要多多注意囉！經過初步驗屍 . 斷定為因砒霜中毒而死亡。那砒霜從何
而來？
警員展開了深入而廣泛的調查。一名醫學院的教授被邀趕來協助破案。
教授仔細地察看了死者胃中取物，不到半個小時，暴斃之謎便揭曉。教授說：
「死者並非自殺，亦不是被殺，而是死於無知的『它殺』」！
大家莫名其妙，何為『它殺』！？ 那砒霜又是從何而來？
教授說：「砒霜是在死者腹內產生的。」死者生前每天也會服食「維生素 C 」，
這完全沒有問題！問題出在她晚餐吃了大量的蝦，吃蝦本身也是沒有問題的，所
以她的家人吃了都沒有事，但死者卻同時服用了「維他命 C 」，問題就出在這裡 !
美國芝加哥大學的研究人員，通過實驗發現，蝦等軟殼類食物含有大量濃度較高
的－五鉀砷化合物。
這種物質食入體內，本身對人體並無毒害作用！但是， 在服用「維生素 C 」
之後，由於化學作用，使原來無毒的－五鉀砷 ( 即砷酸酐，亦稱五氧化砷，其化學
式為 As205) ，轉變為有毒的三鉀砷 ( 即亞砷酸酐 ) ，又稱為三氧化二砷，其化學式
為 (As203) ，這就是人們俗稱的砒霜 !
砒霜有原漿毒作用，能麻痺毛細血管，抑制巰基梅的活性，並使肝臟脂變肝小葉
中心壞死，心、肝、腎、腸充血，上皮細胞壞死，毛細血管擴張。故中其毒而死
者，常是七孔出血。
所以；為慎重起見，在服用「維生素 C 」期間，應當忌食蝦類。
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 Source ︰ Internet
 LEMON + SHRIMP
Rumours INCOMPATIBLE FOOD

 Lemon contains Vitamin C

 Shrimp contains
Arsenic(V) oxide As2O5 ( 砷酸酐 )

 When they mix ︰

 Arsenic(V)  Arsenic(III)  As2O3 ( 砒霜 )
 As2O3 is poisonous. (0.1g ~ 0.2g)

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 LEMON + SHRIMP
Occurrence INCOMPATIBLE FOOD

 Reaction conditions
 6 ~ 14kg shrimps
 High conc. of vitamin C & As2O5
 High temperature
 Actually
 Cooking temperature destroys vitamin C
 High conc. of vitamin C  faster
peristalsis  diarrhoea( 肚瀉 )
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 CRAB + PERSIMMON
Rumours INCOMPATIBLE FOOD

 Crab + Persimmon = toxication ?

 Scientists had done an experiment
 Crab + persimmon 8 mice & dogs
 8 mice & dogs had no toxication
 Be careful
 Crab + persimmon  tannate

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Reference BIOLOGY PROJECT

 Web sites ︰
 http://risk.lsd.ornl.gov/tox/profiles/cyanide_f_V1.shtml
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide
 http://www.wedar.com/library4/jacky-qa000517.htm
 http://iask.sina.com.cn/browse/browse_detail.php?qid=249465
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide
 http://www.google.com.hk
 http://hk.yahoo.com/
 Books ︰
 食物相剋與藥物相剋
 營養風險速查手冊
 飲食與健康
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Group members BIOLOGY PROJECT

 Group leader ︰
 Leung Ka Ho 4D(27)
 Group members ︰
 Hong Hing 4D(14)
 Cheung Ka Hang 4D(06)
 Cheong Shok Yuen 4D(05)
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BIOLOGY

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