Professional Documents
Culture Documents
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Managerial accounting is the process of Identifying Measuring Analyzing Interpreting Communicating information
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External Users
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Managerial Accounting Financial Accounting Managers, within the organization. Interested parties, outside the organization. Users of Information Regulation required and unregulated, since it is intended and must conform to generally acc Not Required only for management. accounting principles. Regulated by the Fin Accounting Standards Board, and, to a lesse degree, the Securities and Exchange Commission. Source of Data organization's basic accounting system, plusexclusively drawn from the organizat The Almost various other sources, such as rates of effective basic accounting system, which accumulate products manufactured, physical quantities of financial information. material and labor used in production, occupancy rates in hotels and hospitals, and average take-off delays in airlines. Nature of Reports Reports often focus on subunits within the and Reports focus on the enterprise in its entiret Procedures organization, such as departments, divisions, almost exclusively on historical transa Based geographical regions, or product lines. Based on a data. combination of historical data, estimates, and projections of future events.
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Change
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Chapter 2
Basic Cost Management Concepts and Accounting for Mass Customization Operations
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Process of Management
Strategy Formulation Planning
Directing
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Operating expenses
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Manufacturer
Current Assets
Cash Receivables Prepaid Expenses Inventories
Raw Materials Work in Process Finished Goods
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Manufacturer
Current Assets
Cash materials Those waiting to Receivables be processed. Prepaid Expenses Inventories
Raw Materials Work in Process Finished Goods
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Manufacturer
products material to q Cash which some labor q Receivables and/or overhead has been added. q Prepaid Expenses q Inventories
Raw Materials Work in Process Finished Goods
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Manufacturer
Current Assets
Cash q Receivables Completed products awaiting sale. q Prepaid Expenses q Inventories
Raw Materials Work in Process Finished Goods
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Manufacturing Costs
Direct Labor Direct Material Manufacturing Overhead
The Product
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Direct Material
Cost of raw material that is used to make, and can be conveniently traced, to the finished product.
Example: Example: Steel used to Steel used to manufacture manufacture the automobile. the automobile.
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Direct Labor
Cost of salaries, wages, and fringe benefits for personnel who work directly on manufactured products.
Example: Example: Wages paid to an Wages paid to an automobile assembly automobile assembly worker. worker.
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Manufacturing Overhead
All other manufacturing costs
Indirect Material Indirect Labor Other Costs
Materials used to support the production process. Examples: lubricants and cleaning supplies used in an automobile assembly plant.
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Manufacturing Overhead
All other manufacturing costs
Indirect Material Indirect Labor Other Costs
Cost of personnel who do not work directly on the product. Examples: maintenance workers, janitors and security guards.
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Manufacturing Overhead
All other manufacturing costs
Indirect Material Indirect Labor Other Costs
Examples: depreciation on plant and equipment, property taxes, insurance, utilities, overtime premium, and unavoidable idle time.
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Prime Cost
Conversion Cost
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Exh. 2-7
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Exh. 2-7
$ 134,980
Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured Raw material used Direct labor Total manufacturing overhead Total manufacturing costs Add: Work-in-process inventory, January 1 Subtotal Deduct: Work-in-process inventory, December 31 Cost of goods manufactured $ $ $ $ 134,980 50,000 230,000 414,980 120 415,100 100 415,000
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Exh. 2-7
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Exh. 2-7
5,000 230,000
Direct labor Total manufacturing overhead Total manufacturing costs Add: Work-in-process inventory, January 1 Subtotal Deduct: Work-in-process inventory, December 31 Cost of goods manufactured $ $ $
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Exh. 2-9
Ending work-in-process inventory contains the cost of unfinished goods, Comet Computer Corporation current assets and is reported in the Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured sheet. section of the balance
Raw material used Direct labor Total manufacturing overhead Total manufacturing costs Add: Work-in-process inventory, January 1 Subtotal Deduct: Work-in-process inventory, December 31 Cost of goods manufactured $ $ $ $ 134,980 50,000 230,000 414,980 120 415,100 100 415,000
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Exh. 2-7
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Exh. 2-7
Income Statement $ 415,010 For the Year Ended December 31, 20X2 $ $ $ $
Sales revenue Less: Cost of goods sold Gross margin Selling and administrative expenses Income before taxes Income tax expense Net income
Cost Classifications
Cost behavior means how a cost will react to changes in the level of business activity.
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Cost Classifications
Cost behavior means how a cost will react to changes in the level of business activity.
Total variable costs change when activity changes. Total fixed costs remain unchanged when activity changes.
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Step-Fixed Costs
Total cost doesnt change for a wide range of activity, and then jumps to a new higher cost for the next higher range of activity. 90 Rent Cost in Thousands of Dollars
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Semivariable Cost
A semivariable cost is partly fixed and partly variable.
Semivariable Cost
Slope is variable cost per unit of activity. Total Utility Cost
t os le c b ria iva sem tal To
Cost Classifications
Summary of Variable and Fixed Cost Behavior
Cost Variable In Total Total variable cost changes as activity level changes. Total fixed cost remains the same even when the activity level changes. Per Unit Variable cost per unit remains the same over wide ranges of activity. Fixed cost per unit goes down as activity level goes up.
Fixed
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Indirect costs
Costs that must be allocated in order to be assigned to a product or department. Example: cost of national advertising for an airline is indirect to a particular flight.
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Tracing costs directly to departments or products helps to identify and eliminate non-value added costs.
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Opportunity Cost
The potential benefit that is given up when one alternative is selected over another.
Example: If you were not attending college, you could be earning $20,000 per year. Your opportunity cost of attending college for one year is $20,000.
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Sunk Costs
All costs incurred in the past that cannot be changed by any decision made now or in the future are sunk costs. Sunk costs should not be considered in decisions.
Example: You bought an automobile that cost $12,000 two years ago. The $12,000 cost is sunk because whether you drive it, park it, trade it, or sell it, you cannot change the $12,000 cost.
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Differential Costs
Costs that differ between alternatives.
Example: You can earn $1,500 per month in your hometown or $2,000 per month in a nearby city. Your commuting costs are $50 per month in your hometown and $300 per month to the city. What is your differential cost? $300 - $50 = $250
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Marginal and average costs are largely a function of cost behavior -- variable and fixed costs.
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Costs
Benefits
More information does not mean more benefits if information overload results.
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