CCNA 1 Explorer Final Review Fall 2010

Network connections can be wired or wireless Cable: UTP, Coaxial, Optic Fibers etc Wireless: Bluetooth, laser, microwave etc

 Communication across a network is carried on a medium 3 types of Media:

- Metallic wires within cables - Glass or plastic fibers (fiber optic cable)

Network Media

Fiber Media has no EMI / RFI problems: 100 Base FX

1000 Base LX
1000 Base SX Wireless transmission
3

 Identify the characteristics used to categorize connectors, describe some common uses for the same connectors, and identify the consequences for misapplying a connector in a given situation

Characteristics & Uses of Network Media

LAN, WAN, Internetworks

Local Area Network (LAN) - An individual network usually spans a single geographical area, providing services and applications to people within a common organizational structure, such as a single business, campus or region Wide Area Network (WAN)- Individual organizations usually lease connections through a telecommunications service provider network. These networks that connect LANs in geographically separated locations are referred to as Wide Area Networks.

KC KHOR, Multimedia Univ. Cyberjaya

Comparison

KC KHOR, Multimedia Univ. Cyberjaya

Data Encapsulation
Build the data Package the data for end to end support (Segments) The data is put into a packet or datagram that contains a network header with source and destination logical addresses

Source

Destination

Presentation

DECAPSULATION

Application

ENCAPSULATION

DATA Application Presentation

Session
Transport Network

SEGMENT
PACKET FRAME
0101010101010101010

Session
Transport Network

Data-Link
Physical

Data-Link
Physical

BITS

 Identify the basic characteristics of the UDP and TCP protocols

Transport Layer Role and Services

TCP Sessions
What two FLAGs are used to Establish a TCP session between hosts.
ACK SYN

Not ACK # and SYN #

Transport Layer: Port Numbers

Reserved port numbers for well-known common services applications that run on servers.

0 -1023

Transport Layer Role and Services

Identify how a port number is represented and describe the role port numbers play in the TCP and UDP protocols.

Layer 4: Transport Layer

Transport Control Protocol (TCP) uses: Port #s (http = 80) Port #s (telnet = 23) Windowing / sequence numbers. Connection-Oriented Reliable transport.

Application and Operation of TCP Mechanisms Describe the role of port numbers in establishing TCP sessions and directing segments to server process

UDP Protocol
UDP is a connectionless protocol that request retransmission from the Upper-Layer Application (User) layer.

UDP Segment Format

UDP is the connectionless transport protocol UDP uses no windowing and no acknowledgments Error processing and retransmission must be handled by other protocols (application layer) Protocols that use UDP include: TFTP SNMP DHCP DNS

Port Numbers
Port nos. are used to keep track of different conversations that cross the network at the same time. Port nos. allow for multiplexing of upper-layer conversations. Port nos. are used as source and destination addresses in the TCP segment.

Port nos. below 1024 are considered well-known.

Port nos. above 1024 are dynamically assigned.

Registered port nos. are for vendor-specific applications (Most are above 1024)

Applications Processes Running? >netstat -a

Host A: Destination TCP/IP addresses: 10.19.1.2:53 {DNS services} 10.10.1.3:25 {E-mail services} 10.10.1.4:80 (Web services}

E-mail services

MUA= Mail User Agent SMTP = Simple Mail Transport Protocol MTA = Mail Transfer Agent MDA = Mail Delivery Agent POP = Post Office Protocol

IP (Network layer) Protocol

IP (Network Layer) relies on the Transport Layer: 4 for missing / lost packets. Hierarchical (Class A, B, C) Identifies each host. Uses IP Network Address portion to transport packets. To verify TCP/IP stack is functioning correctly.
> Ping 127.0.0.1

IP Addressing Structure
Describe the dotted decimal structure of a binary IP address and label its parts

Methods of Obtaining an IP Address

Review the methods of assigning an IP Address
Static Assignment
Dynamic Assignment

IP Addressing (Logical Addressing) Structure

Uniquely Identifies each host: (32 bit IPv4 address) Hierarchical (Class A, B & C) Assist in forwarding packets across Internetwork. Only IP (Logical Address) Destination Network number used by routers to transport packet.

N .N.N.H IP = 192. 5. 5. 56 Mask =255.255.255.0 Network = 192.5.5.0

Private Addresses
Class A : 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 Class B:

172.16.0.0

to 172.31.0.0

Class C:

192.168.0.0

to 192.168.255.0

Assigning Addresses
Identify several changes made to the IP protocol in IPv6 and describe the motivation for migrating from IPv4 to IPv6.

ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol

ICMP protocols are often filtered (firewalls) out for security reasons.

 Trace route packets across the Internet (Router to Router).

DNS services
>nslookup (Map domain name to IP: cisco.com = 171.45.2.3) http://cisco.com
Primary DNS is identified by the: Default Server IP address

Layer 2: Data Link Protocol: Ethernet: Star Topology

Managing collisions on Ethernet-based networks

L2 (MAC) and L3 (IP) addresses

Hop 1

Source MAC
00:ac:2d:34:56:11 00:01:46:26:23:a4

Destination MAC
00:01:46:26:23:a4 00:04:24:98:55:44

Source IP
192.168.1.5

Destination IP 192.168.3.10 192.168.3.10 192.168.3.10

192.168.1.5 192.168.1.5

00:04:24:98:55:44

00:2a:3b:3c:a4:33

Hub Device : Multi-Access topology Not Star topology

Function and Characteristics of the Media Access Control Method

MAC in Ethernet

Ethernet: Data Link Protocol

CSMA/CD Listens / waits until media is not used. Detects collisions / retransmits (back off algorithm) Non-deterministic.

Ethernet
If a device or switch does not have the destination MAC address?
An ARP Address Resolution Protocol broadcast is made using the destination IP address. Broadcast MAC address = FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF

Media Access Control

1. 2. Deterministic (taking turns) Example: Token Ring, FDDI Non-deterministic (first come, first served) Example: Ethernet CSMA/CD

Ethernet performs three functions:

1. Transmitting and receiving data packets 2. Decoding data packets and checking them for valid addresses before passing them to the upper layers of the OSI model 3. Detecting errors within data packets or on the network

Types of Connections in a LAN

Connecting intermediate and end devices in a LAN.

Types of Connections in a LAN

Identify the printout of the straight-through and cross-over cables

Straight-Through Cables

Can be used: Router (Ethernet interface) to switch port Switch port to computer (NIC) Usually: Dissimilar devices

Cable Standards
10 Base T 100 Base FX 100 Base TX 1000 Base SX 1000 Base LX Which can do 1 gb/s transfer rate?

Terminal Emulation Program called HyperTerminal Program

Importance of Network Designs

Describe how to count the segments between router interfaces.

Data Link Protocol: Layer 2

Physical Address / Media Access Control (Mac) address. (48 bits)

Basic Router & Switch Configuration and Verification Terminal Emulation Software; Hyper Terminal Software Console Password
Router(config) # line con 0 Router(config-line)# password cisco Router(config-line)# login

Introduction to Routers
Stores routing tables, ARP cache and fast-switching cache Performs packet buffering Maintains packet-hold queues Holds running configuration file Loses content when router is off
Provides storage for the startup configuration file Retains content when router off Holds the IOS image(s) in a type of EEPROM Allows software to be updated without removing chips Retains content when router is powered down

Physical access for initial configuration

Maintains instructions for POST diagnostics Stores bootstrap program and basic OS software Upgrades require replacing chips on the motherboard
Connect router to network for frame entry and exit Can be on the motherboard or on a separate module

Saving Router configurations

Router# copy starting-config running-config Router# reload If you make changes to a router but do not like the results, how could you delete them? Router# reload Enter N to save before reloading.

Configure a Cisco router using the Cisco IOS CLI

User-Level Privileged Level Global Configuration

Router (config-if)# ip address 192.5.5.1 255.255.255.0 Router (config-if)# no shutdown Shutdown = Administratively shutdown

Global Conf Interfaces

Routers Configured:
The Cisco IOS software uses a command-line interface (CLI) The CLI can be accessed: 1. Through a console session using a low speed serial connection from a computer to the console port on the router.
2.

Through a dialup connection using a modem or null modem connected to the router AUX port. By using Telnet to access the router remotely. To Telnet into a router, at least one interface must be configured with an IP address, and virtual terminal sessions (vty) must be configured for login and passwords. Telnet (VTY) is an example Client/Server model.

3.

Not Instant Messaging

Routing Table