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Height-biased Leftist Heaps

Rabea Aden
Friday, 1st May, 2007

NUCES-FAST • Advanced Data Structures • Spring 2007


Leftist Tree
• Invented by Clark Allan Crane

• A Leftist Tree is a priority queue

• It satisfies the leftist structural property

For any node X Є Leftist Tree,


Rightmost path is the Shortest
Null Path Length
• denoted by npl(X)
• Length of shortest path from X to an external
node

npl(NULL) = -1
If X has zero or one child, npl(X) = 0
Otherwise

npl(X) = 1 + min { npl(leftChild(X)), npl(rightChild(X))}


Null Path Length
1

1 0

0 0 0 -1
Null
0 -1 -1 -1 0 -1
Null Null Null Null npl(NULL) = -1
-1 -1 -1 -1
Null Null Null Null

if X has zero or one child


npl(X) = 0
else
npl(X) = 1 + min{ npl( leftChild(X) ), npl( rightChild(X) ) }
Structural Property
• Height-biased Leftist Property

∀ X ∈ HBLT npl(leftChild(X)) ≥ npl(rightChild(X))

• Tree is unbalanced
• Biased towards left
• Left paths are long, giving the name Leftist Tree
• Rightmost path is the shortest
Structural Property
T1 T2
2 2

1 1 1 1* Leftist Heap Property Violated


npl(leftChild) < npl(rightChild)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0

Null path lengths: T1 is a Height-biased Leftist Tree, T2 is not


Leftist Heap
• A Heap-ordered Leftist Tree
Heap-order Property
• Min Leftist Heap

∀ X ∈ Heap key(X) ≥ key(Parent(X))

• Max Leftist Heap

∀ X ∈ Heap key(X) ≤ key(Parent(X))

If X is root
Parent (X) = root
Binary Heap vs. Leftist Heap

Binary Heap Leftist Heap


— Perfectly balanced — Very unbalanced

Operations Binary Heap Leftist Heap


BuildHeap O(N) O(N)
FindMin O(1) O(1)
Merge Θ(N) O(log N)
Insert O(log N) O(log N)
DeleteMin O(log N) O(log N)
Binary Heap vs. Leftist Heap

Binary Heap Leftist Heap


— Perfectly balanced — Very unbalanced

Operations Binary Heap Leftist Heap


BuildHeap O(N) O(N)
FindMin O(1) O(1)
Merge Θ(N) O(log N)
Insert O(log N) O(log N)
DeleteMin O(log N) O(log N)

Merge is expensive in ordinary Heaps


Theorem
The number of nodes N in a leftist tree
with r nodes on the right path is ≥ 2r -1

Proof is by Induction

This gives
N ≥ 2r − 1 ⇒ r ≤  log2 (n + 1)
Structure of a Node

Left Right
Data NPL
Pointer Pointer

Apart from data, left and right pointers,


each node also contains the null path length
Design
• A Leftist Tree is a priority queue
implemented using a variant of the Binary
Tree

Extended Binary Tree

• A pointer to the root of the leftist tree is


also maintained
Extended Binary Tree
Given: A Binary Tree TB

For all empty subtrees є TB


replace each empty subtree with an
external node
Binary Tree

Internal
Node

Replace each empty subtree with an external node


Extended Binary Tree
Since an External Node represents NULL
npl(External Node) = -1 1

Internal
1 0
Node

0 0 0 -1

0 -1 -1 -1 -1 0

-1 -1 -1 -1 External
Node

Replace each empty subtree with an external node


The number outside each node X is the npl(X)
Operations
• BuildHeap O(N)
• FindMin O(1)
• Merge O(log N)
• Insert O(log N)
• DeleteMin O(log N)
General Idea
• All insertions and merges are performed on the
rightmost path containing at most  log2 (n + 1)
nodes

• This may violate Leftist Heap Property


• Leftist Heap Property can be easily restored
Merge
• O(log N) time

• It is a fundamental operation
– Both Insert and DeleteMin are based on Merge
– Insert:
• The key to be inserted is a one-node heap
• Merge this one-node heap with the given min leftist heap
– DeleteMin
• Delete root, left and right child of root are two min leftist heaps
• Merge the two min leftist heaps
Merge Algorithm (Recursive)
Merge(H1, H2)
If both heaps are Leftist
If one heap is NULL then return the other
If data(H1) > data(H1) then swap H1 and H2
If leftChild(H1) is NULL then leftChild(H1) = H2
Otherwise,
Recursively Merge rightChild(H1) and H2
If Leftist Heap Property is violated i.e
If npl( leftChild(H1) ) < npl( rightChild(H1) ) then swap children of
H1
npl(H1) = npl(rightChild(H1)) + 1
Merge H1 & H2
H1 H2
2 2
2 3
1 1 1 1
6 9 5 8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 13 17 37 15 11 19 23
0 0 0
41 29 26

Both H1 and H2 are Min Leftist Heaps


Merge H1 & H2
H1
H1 H2
H2
22 2
Both H1 and H2 are not NULL
2 3
11 11 1 1
6 9 5 8
00 00 00 00 0 0 0 0
7 13 17 37 15 11 19 23
00 0 0
41 29 26

Merge (H1, H2)

Compare root(H1) '2' & root(H2) '3' — H1 has smaller root


Merge H1 & H2
H1 H2
22 2
2 H1
3
1 1 1 1
6 9 5 8
00 0 00 00 0 0 0 0
7 13 17 37 15 11 19 23
00 0 0
41 29 26

Since, leftChild(H1) ≠ NULL


H1 now points to its rightChild
Merge H1 & H2
H2
2 2
Both H1 and H2 are not NULL
2 3
H1
1 1 1 1
6 9 5 8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 13 17 37 15 11 19 23
0 0 0
41 29 26

Merge (H1, H2)

Compare root(H1) '9' & root(H2) '3' — H2 has smaller root


swap(H1, H2)
Now, root(H1) = '3' & root(H2) = '9'
Merge H1 & H2
H2
2 1
2 9
H1
0 0
1 22
6 3 17 37
0
0 0 1 1
1 1 41
7 13 5 8
5 8
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
15 11 19 23
15 11 19 23
0 0
0 0
29 26
29 26

Resizing H1
Merge H1 & H2
H2
2 1
2 9
H1
0 0
1 2
6 3 17 37
0
0 0 1 1
7 13 5 8 41
0 0 0 0
15 11 19 23
0 0
29 26

Since, leftChild(H1) ≠ NULL


H1 now points to its rightChild
Merge H1 & H2
H2
2 1
Both H1 and H2 are not NULL
2 9
0 0
1 2
6 3 H1 17 37
0
0 0 1 1
7 13 5 8 41
0 0 0 0
15 11 19 23
0 0
29 26

Merge (H1, H2)

Compare root(H1) '8' & root(H2) '9' — H1 has smaller root


Merge H1 & H2
H2
2 1
2 9
0 0
1 2
6 3 H1 17 37
0
0 0 1 1
7 13 5 8 41
0 0 0 0
15 11 19 23
0 0
29 26

Since, leftChild(H1) ≠ NULL


H1 now points to its rightChild
Merge H1 & H2
H2
2 1
Both H1 and H2 are not NULL
2 9 0 091H2
17 37410

0 0
1 2
6 3 17 37
0
0 0 1 1
7 13 5 8 41
H1
0 0 0 0
15 11 19 23
0 0
29 26

Merge (H1, H2)

Compare root(H1) '23' & root(H2) '9' — H2 has smaller root


swap(H1, H2)
Now, root(H1) = '9' & root(H2) = '23'
Merge H1 & H2
H2
2 0
2 23 0 091H2
17 37410

0
1 2
6 3 26
0 0 1 1
7 13 5 8 H1
0 0 0 1
15 11 19 9
0 0 0 0
2929 17 37
0
41

Resizing H1
Merge H1 & H2
H2
2 0
2 23 0 091H2
17 37410

0
1 2
6 3 26
0 0 1 1
7 13 5 8 H1
0 0 0 1
15 11 19 9
0 0 0
29 17 37
0
41

Since, leftChild(H1) ≠ NULL


H1 now points to its rightChild
Merge H1 & H2
H2
2 0
Both H1 and H2 are not NULL
2 23 0 091H2
17 37410

0
1 2
6 3 26
0 0 1 1
7 13 5 8
0 0 0 1
15 11 19 9 H1
0 0 0
29 17 37
0
41

Merge (H1, H2)

Compare root(H1) '37' & root(H2) '23' — H2 has smaller root


swap(H1, H2)
Now, root(H1) = '23' & root(H2) = '37'
Merge H1 & H2
H2
2 0
2 37 0 091H2
17 37410

0
1 2
6 3 41
0 0 1 1
7 13 5 8
0 0 0 1
15 11 19 9 H1
0 0 0
29 17 23
0
26
NULL
Since, leftChild(H1) ≠ NULL
H1 now points to its rightChild — NULL
Merge H1 & H2
H2
2 0
H1 is NULL
2 37
0
1 2
6 3 41
0 0 1 1
7 13 5 8
0 0 0 1
15 11 19 9
0 0 0
29 17 23 H1

0
26
NULL
Merge (H1, H2)

Since root(H1) is 'NULL'


swap(H1, H2)
Now, root(H1) = '37' & root(H2) = 'NULL'
Merge H1 & H2
H2
2
H2 is NULL
2
NULL
1 2
6 3
0 0 1 1
7 13 5 8 Adjust Null Path Lengths
0 0 0 1 from the Last Node
15 11 19 9 on the Rightmost Path
0 0 0 to the Root
29 17 23 H1

0 0
26 37
0
41
NULL
Merge H1 & H2
Leftist Heap Property NOT Violated
2
2
1 2
6 3
0 0 1 1
7 13 5 8 Adjust Null
H1Path Lengths
points to '37'
0 0 0 1 from the Last Node
15 11 19 9 on the Rightmost Path
0 0 0 to the Root
29 17 23 H1

0 00
26 37
00
41
NULL npl (NULL) = -1
leftChild(H1)→npl ≥ rightChild(H1)→npl — 0 ≥ -1
H1→npl = rightChild(H1)→npl + 1 = '0'
Merge H1 & H2
Leftist Heap Property NOT Violated
2
2
1 2
6 3
0 0 1 1
7 13 5 8
H1 moves up to '23'
0 0 0 1
15 11 19 9
0 0 10*
0
29 17 23 H1

0 0

26 37
0
41
NULL npl (NULL) = -1
leftChild(H1)→npl ≥ rightChild(H1)→npl — 0 ≥ 0
H1→npl = rightChild(H1)→npl + 1 = '1'
Merge H1 & H2
Leftist Heap Property Violated
2
swap( leftChild(H1), rightChild(H1) )
2
1 2
6 3
0 0 1 1
7 13 5 8
H1 moves up to '9'
0 0 0 1*
1
15 11 19 9 H1

0 0 11
29 17 23
0 0

26 37
0
41

leftChild(H1)→npl ≥ rightChild(H1)→npl — 0 ≤ 1
Merge H1 & H2
Leftist Heap Property Violated
2
swap( leftChild(H1), rightChild(H1) )
2
1 2
6 3
0 0 1 1
7 13 5 8 H1
H1 moves up to '9'
0 0 0 11*
15 11 19 9
0 0 1
29 17 23
0 0

26 37
0
41

leftChild(H1)→npl ≥ rightChild(H1)→npl — 0 ≤ 1
H1→npl = rightChild(H1)→npl + 1 = '1'
Merge H1 & H2
Leftist Heap Property Violated
2
swap( leftChild(H1), rightChild(H1) )
2
1 2
6 3
0 0 1 11*
1
7 13 5 8 H1
H1 moves up to '8'
0 0 00 11
15 11 19 9
0 0 11 0
0
2929 23 17
17
00 00
37
26 37
26
00
41
41

leftChild(H1)→npl ≥ rightChild(H1)→npl — 0 ≤ 1
H1→npl = rightChild(H1)→npl + 1 = '1'
Merge H1 & H2
Leftist Heap Property NOT Violated
2
2
1 2
6 3 H1

0 0 1 11
7 13 5 8
0 0 0
H1 moves up to '3'
1
0
15 11 9 19
1 0 0

23 17 29
0 0
26 37
0
41

leftChild(H1)→npl ≥ rightChild(H1)→npl — 1 ≥ 1
H1→npl = rightChild(H1)→npl + 1 = '2'
Merge H1 & H2
Leftist Heap Property Violated
2*
2
2
swap( leftChild(H1), rightChild(H1) )
2 H1

1 2
6 3
0 0 1 1
7 13 5 8
0 0 0
H1 moves up to '2'
0
15 11 9 19
1 0 0

23 17 29
0 0
26 37
0
41

leftChild(H1)→npl ≥ rightChild(H1)→npl — 1 ≤ 2
H1→npl = rightChild(H1)→npl + 1 = '2'
Merge H1 & H2 H1
Root

22
2
2 1
3 6
1 1 0 0
5 8 7 13
H1 is returned
0 0 0 0
Root pointer now points to H1
15 11 9 19
1 0 0

23 17 29
0 0
26 37
0
41
Merge Algorithm (Iterative)
Merge(H1, H2)

 Pass 1 — Down the Heap


Sort nodes on rightmost paths of H1 and H2 in ascending order
(leftChild of each node remains)
A new tree H is created by merging the sorted nodes

 Pass 2 — Up the Heap


∀ nodes X Є rightmost path of H from leaf to the root
If Leftist Heap Property is violated i.e
If npl( leftChild(X) ) < npl( rightChild(X) ) then swap children of X
npl(X) = npl(rightChild(X) + 1
Time Complexity of Merge
• O(log n)

• As only shortest path is traversed


Insert
• O(log N) time

Insert is based on Merge


 Existing min leftist heap — H1
 The key to be inserted is a one-node heap — H2
 Merge this one-node heap H1 with the given min
leftist heap H2
Insert 3
H1 H2
2 0
2 3
1 1
6 9
0 0 0 0
7 13 17 37
0
41

H1 — existing Heap
H2 — one-node heap containing node to be inserted
Both H1 and H2 are Min Leftist Heaps
Insert 3
H1
H1 H2
22
Both H1 and H2 are not NULL 0
2 3
11 11
6 9
00 00 00 00
7 13 17 37
00
41

Merge (H1, H2)

Compare root(H1) '2' & root(H2) '3' — H1 has smaller root


Insert 3
H1
H2
2 0
2 3
H1
1 1
6 9
0 0 0 0
7 13 17 37
0
41

Since, leftChild(H1) ≠ NULL


H1 now points to its rightChild
Insert 3
H2
2
Both H1 and H2 are not NULL 0
2 3
H1
1 1
6 9
0 0 0 0
7 13 17 37
0
41

Merge (H1, H2)

Compare root(H1) '9' & root(H2) '3' — H2 has smaller root


swap(H1, H2)
Now, root(H1) = '3' & root(H2) = '9'
Insert 3
H2
22 1
2 9
H1
11 00 0 0

6 33 17 37
00 00 1 0

7 13 9
NULL 41
0 0
17 37
0
41

Since, leftChild(H1) == NULL


leftChild(H1) = H2
Insert 3
H2
2
H2 is NULL
Adjust Null Path Lengths
2
H1
from the last node NULL
1 0
on the Rightmost Path
6 3
to the Root
0 0 1
7 13 9
0 0
17 37
0
41
Insert 3
2
Adjust Null Path Lengths 2 H1 points to '3'
H1
from the last node
1 0
on the Rightmost Path
6 3
to the Root
0 0 1
7 13 9 NULL npl (NULL) = -1
0 0
17 37
Leftist Heap Property NOT Violated
0
41

leftChild(H1)→npl ≥ rightChild(H1)→npl — 1 ≥ -1
H1→npl = rightChild(H1)→npl + 1 = '0'
Insert 3
12*
2
2 H1 H1 moves up to '2'
1 0
6 3
0 0 1
7 13 9 NULL npl (NULL) = -1
0 0
17 37
Leftist Heap Property NOT Violated
0
41

leftChild(H1)→npl ≥ rightChild(H1)→npl — 1 ≥ 0
H1→npl = rightChild(H1)→npl + 1 = '1'
Insert 3
Root H1

11
2 H1 is returned
1 0 Root pointer now points to H1
6 3
0 0 1
7 13 9
0 0
17 37
0
41
Time Complexity of Insert
• O(log n)

• Create a one-node heap — O(1)


• Merge — O(log n)
– As only shortest path is traversed
DeleteMin
• O(log N) time

DeleteMin is based on Merge


 Delete root — (minimum value is in root)
 Left and right children of root are two min
leftist heaps — H1 and H2 respectively
 Merge the two min leftist heaps H1 and H2
DeleteMin
Root

2
2
1 1
6 9
0 0 0 0
7 13 17 37
0
41

Delete Minimum Key '2'


DeleteMin
oldRoot
Root

22

H1
22 H2

1 1
6 9
0 0 0 0
7 13 17 37
0
41

Save old value of root


H1 = root→leftChild
H2 = root→rightChild
DeleteMin
oldRoot

H1
2
H2
1 1
6 Both H1 and H2 are not NULL 9
0 0 0 0
7 13 17 37
0
41

Merge (H1, H2)

Compare root(H1) '6' & root(H2) '9' — H1 has smaller root


DeleteMin
oldRoot

H1
2
H2
1 1
6 H1 9
0 0 0 0
7 13 17 37
0
41

Since, leftChild(H1) ≠ NULL


H1 now points to its rightChild
DeleteMin
oldRoot

2
2
H2
1 1
6 Both H1 and H2 are not NULL 9
H1
0 0 0 0
7 13 17 37
0
41

Merge (H1, H2)

Compare root(H1) '9' & root(H2) '3' — H2 has smaller root


swap(H1, H2)
Now, root(H1) = '3' & root(H2) = '9'
DeleteMin
oldRoot

2
2
H2
1 0
6 H1 13
0 1
7 9
0 0
17 37
0
41

Since, leftChild(H1) ≠ NULL


H1 now points to its rightChild
DeleteMin
oldRoot

2
2
H2
1 0
6 Both H1 and H2 are not NULL 13
0 1
7 9 H1
0 0
17 37
0
41

Merge (H1, H2)

Compare root(H1) '37' & root(H2) '13' — H2 has smaller root


swap(H1, H2)
Now, root(H1) = '37' & root(H2) = '13'
DeleteMin
oldRoot

2
2
H2
1 0
6 37
0 1 0
7 9 H1 41
0 0
17 13
0
37
NULL
0
41

Since, leftChild(H1) == NULL


leftChild(H1) = H2
DeleteMin
oldRoot

2
Adjust Null Path Lengths 2
H2
from the last node
1
on the Rightmost Path H2 is NULL
6
to the Root NULL
0 1
7 9 H1
0 0
17 13
0
37
0
41
DeleteMin
oldRoot

2
Adjust Null Path Lengths 2 H1 points to '13'
from the last node
1
on the Rightmost Path
6
to the Root
0 1
7 9 H1
0 0
17 13
Leftist Heap Property NOT Violated
0
37 NULL npl (NULL) = -1
0
41

leftChild(H1)→npl ≥ rightChild(H1)→npl — 0 ≥ -1
H1→npl = rightChild(H1)→npl + 1 = '0'
DeleteMin
oldRoot

2
2 H1 moves up to '9'
1
6
0 1
7 9 H1
0 0
17 13
Leftist Heap Property NOT Violated
0
37 NULL npl (NULL) = -1
0
41

leftChild(H1)→npl ≥ rightChild(H1)→npl — 0 ≥ 0
H1→npl = rightChild(H1)→npl + 1 = '1'
DeleteMin
oldRoot

2
2 H1 H1 moves up to '6'
11*
1

6 H1

00 1
1
7 9
00 0
0
17 13
Leftist Heap Property Violated
0
swap( leftChild(H1), rightChild(H1) ) 0
37
00
41

leftChild(H1)→npl ≥ rightChild(H1)→npl — 0 ≤ 1
H1→npl = rightChild(H1)→npl + 1 = '1'
DeleteMin
oldRoot

2
2 H1
Root
11
6
1 0
9 7 H1 is returned
0 0 Root pointer now points to H1
17 13 Delete old value of Root
0
37
0
41
Time Complexity of DeleteMin
• O(log n)

• Delete root — O(1)


• Initialize H1 with left child of root — O(1)
• Initialize H2 with right child of root — O(1)
• Merge — O(log n)
– As only shortest path is traversed
Brute Force BuildHeap
• O(N logN) time

Based on Insert
 Given N elements, create N one-node min leftist heaps
and insert them into a Queue, Q
 Size of Q, |Q| = N
 Root = Remove first min leftist heap from queue
 while( |Q| > 0 )
Remove one min leftist heaps from queue — H
Insert( H )
Brute Force BuildHeap

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 9 37 41 2 6 13

Build a min leftist heap containing elements


7, 9, 37, 41, 2, 6, 13
Create 7 one-node min leftist heaps and
insert them in a queue — |Q| = 7
Brute Force BuildHeap
Root H

000 00 0 0 0 0 0
77 99 37 41 2 6 13
00
99

Root = 7 |Q| = 6
H=9 |Q| = 5
Insert( H )
Brute Force BuildHeap
Root H

01 00 0 0 0 0
7 37
37 41 2 6 13
0 0
9 37

Root = 7 |Q| = 5
H = 37 |Q| = 4
Insert( H )
Brute Force BuildHeap
Root H

11 0 0 0 0
7 41 2 6 13
0 0
9 37
0
41

Root = 7 |Q| = 4
H = 41 |Q| = 3
Insert( H )
Brute Force BuildHeap
Root H

1
0 00 0 0
7
2 22 6 13
11
0 0
7
9 37
00 0
0
9 37
41
00
41

Root = 7 |Q| = 3
H=2 |Q| = 2
Insert( H )
Brute Force BuildHeap
Root H

011 00 0
22 66 13
111 00
77 6
000 000
99 37
37
000
41
41

Root = 7 |Q| = 2
H=6 |Q| = 1
Insert( H )
Brute Force BuildHeap
Root H

11 00
2 13
13
11 1 0 00
7 7 6 6
00 0 00 0 00
9 9 37 37 13
00 0
41 41

Root = 7 |Q| = 1
H = 13 |Q| = 0
Insert( H )
Time Complexity of
Brute Force BuildHeap
• O(N log N)

1 insert — O(log N)
N inserts — O(N log N)
Efficient BuildHeap
• O(N) time

Based on Merge
 Given N elements, create N one-node min leftist heaps
and insert them into a Queue, Q
 Size of Q, |Q| = N
 while( |Q| > 1 )
Remove first two min leftist heaps from queue — H1 and H2
Merge H1 and H2
Insert merged min leftist heap into queue
Efficient BuildHeap

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 9 37 41 2 6 13

Build a min leftist heap containing elements


7, 9, 37, 41, 2, 6, 13
Create 7 one-node min leftist heaps and
insert them in a queue — |Q| = 7
Efficient BuildHeap
H1 H2

00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
77 99 37 41 2 6 7 13
0 0
9 9

Remove and merge first two min leftist heaps from queue
H1 = 7 |Q| = 6
H2 = 9 |Q| = 5
H1 = Merge(H1, H2)
Insert H1 into queue |Q| = 6
Efficient BuildHeap
H1 H2

00 00 0 0 0 0 0
37
37 41
41 2 6 13 37 7
0 0 0
41 41 9

Remove and merge first two min leftist heaps from queue
H1 = 37 |Q| = 5
H2 = 41 |Q| = 4
H1 = Merge(H1, H2)
Insert H1 into queue |Q| = 5
Efficient BuildHeap
H1 H2

00 00 0 0 0 0
22 66 13 7 2 37
0 0 0 0
6 9 6 41

Remove and merge first two min leftist heaps from queue
H1 = 2 |Q| = 4
H2 = 6 |Q| = 3
H1 = Merge(H1, H2)
Insert H1 into queue |Q| = 4
Efficient BuildHeap
H1 H2

00
1 0 0 1 0
7
13
13 7 37 7 2
0 0 0 0 0 00
9 13 9 41 9 613

Remove and merge first two min leftist heaps from queue
H1 = 13 |Q| = 3
H2 = 7 |Q| = 2
H1 = Merge(H1, H2)
Insert H1 into queue |Q| = 3
Efficient BuildHeap
H1 H2

1
0 0 1 1
2
37 2 2 7
0 0 0 0 00 0
41
6 37 6 6 937 13
0 0
41 41

Remove and merge first two min leftist heaps from queue
H1 = 37 |Q| = 2
H2 = 2 |Q| = 1
H1 = Merge(H1, H2)
Insert H1 into queue |Q| = 2
Efficient BuildHeap
H1 H2

1 1 11
2
7 2 2
01 00 1 00 0 00
97 13
6 7 66 37
0 0 0 0 00
9 13 9 13 41
0 0
37 37
0 0
41 41

Remove and merge first two min leftist heaps from queue
H1 = 7 |Q| = 1
H2 = 2 |Q| = 0
H1 = Merge(H1, H2)
Insert H1 into queue |Q| = 1
Efficient BuildHeap
Root

1
2
1 0
7 6
0 0
9 13
0
37
0
41

Since |Q| > 0


Root = 2
Time Complexity of
Efficient BuildHeap
Assume min leftist heap contains N = 2k elements

Merge Operations Recursive Calls to Merge


N/2 1
N/4 2
N/8 3
‫׃‬

‫׃‬
N/2k = 1 k
Time Complexity of Efficient
BuildHeap
Total Time for BuildHeap
N N N N
= ( * 1) + ( * 2) + ( * 3) +  + ( k * k)
2 4 8 2
1 1 1 1
= N( + + +  k)
2 4 8 2
k
i
= N∑ i
i=1 2

i
= N∑ i
i=1 2

= 3n for n ≥ 3
= Ο(N)

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