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INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION TYPES OF HIGH TEMPERTURE CORROSION MECHANISM
CORROSION PREVENTIONS.
INTRODUCTION
Damage from corrosion & metallurgical mechanisms often leads to failures in various equipment, which interrupt the routine operations create safety hazards.
The existence as well as the degree of damage is dependent on the particular process operating conditions & contaminants present in the process stream. Everyone in the refining industry today, mechanical engineer, metallurgist, &process engineer is looking for ways to prevent the effects of corrosion. Corrosion control is paramount to the safe & productive operation of a facility.
INTRODUCTION OF CORROSION
The deterioration of a material, usually a metal, because of a reaction with its environment, is termed as corrosion. The definition is very general & recognizes that some forms of corrosion are not chemical or electrochemical in nature. The definition also recognizes that materials other than metals may corrode. These materials include concrete, wood,ceramics, & plastics. In addition , in some forms of corrosion the properties of the material as well as the material itself deteriorate. A material may experience no weight change or visible deterioration yet, due to property changes promoted by corrosive action , the material may fail unexpectedly
CLASSIFICATION OF CORROSION
- Occurs at temperatures
temperature refinery corrosion is also called aqueous corrosion, wet corrosion, or electrochemical corrosion. It requires the S presence of an aqueous solution , including water even in very small amounts, or an electrolyte in hydrogen stream.
LOW
Example: Corrosion on steel by furnaces gases. High temperature corrosion is referred to as dry corrosion or direct chemical combination. It occurs above the environment dew point and is normally associated with high temperatures. Gasses are the typical corrosive agents.
Although oxidation generally refers to an electron producing reaction, this term is also employed to designate the reaction between a metal & air or oxygen in the absence of water or an aqueous phase. Scaling tarnishing and dry corrosion are also sometimes used to describe this phenomena of HIGH TEMPERATURE CORROSION.
Since virtually every metal & alloy reacts with air at elevated temperatures, oxidation resistance must be considered in most metallurgical engineering applications.
The overall corrosion reaction is obtained by combining the oxidation & reduction reaction to form a metal oxide as follow:
High
MECHANISM OF OXIDATION
a fresh surface of metal like gold comes in contact with oxygen, the latter forms a loosely bound layer on the surface of gold due to secondary van der waals attractive forces arising between the atoms of the metal surface & the oxygen molecules. This layer is said to be adsorbed oxygen layer, & no further chemical bonding occurs. This layer is easily removed by applying ultra high vacuum. The first oxygen molecules coming in contact with the clean surface of metal. Dissociate into oxygen atoms & then, these oxygen atoms bond chemically with the atoms of the metal surface.
When
As
With in steel , the hydrogen reacts with other elements, such as carbon , to form gases , primarily methane. The reaction follows
Fe3C + 2H2 3Fe + CH4
CORROSION PREVENTIONS
1.High resistance to oxidation is possible if the oxide film has pilling bedworth ratio slightly greater than one so that it is continuous, compact & adhering. 2.Chromium , silicon & aluminium when added as alloying agents give good corrosion resistance. 3.A resistance alloy containing sufficient Cr can be used.
1. Alloying elements usually contains Fe, Ni & Cr as the major components with Al, Mn,Si,Mo & c as important constituents. 2.High temperature scaling resistance in oxidizing gases is generally provided by the formation & maintenance of a slow growing , protective layer of Cr2O3 or Al2O3.
1. HTHA is usually not uniform throughout an affected component. Attack is first initiated in areas where Hydrogen diffuses. 2. Alloying elements like Mo, Cr, W are used to limit the amount of C available for the formation of methane.
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