Layered Architectures Tutorial

Postal Service Communications Example

Simplified Layered Architecture User User-Network interface Network Network-Carrier interface Physical Carrier User layer protocols User

Network layer protocols

Network

Physical layer protocols

Physical Carrier

Layered Architectures for Data Communications

Virtual

Layer N
Data from Layer N (N-1) Services

Layer N

Layer N Receives Data

Layer N-1

Virtual

Layer N-1

Layer N-1 Peels Off Its Data

Layer N-1 Add Its Info (N-2) Services

Layer N-2

Virtual

Layer N-2

Layer N-2 Peels Off Its Data

Layer N-2 Add Its Info Layer 1 Service

Layer 1
Machine A

Physical

Layer 1
Machine B

Onion analogy: each layers data forms a skin around previous data Protocol: communication between equal layers Interface: communication between adjacent layers

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model

Goal: to establish a universally accepted structured approach for communication between open systems Initiated by the ISO in 1977 Adopted by the CCITT (X.200) OSI reference model - basic architecture - layer service definitions - protocol specifications

Communication across a Packet-Switched Network (OSI Model)

User Process User Process

Application

Presentation
Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Physical Media End System Intermediate Node Physical Media End System

An OSI Data Transfer

User Process User Process

User Data User Data

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical LH NH TH SH PH

AH

Application Presentation Session Transport Network LT Data Link Physical

Data Unit Data Unit

Data Unit Data Unit Data Unit Bit stream Physical Media

Overview of GSM Interfaces and Signalling Protocols

GSM Signalling and Transport Layers

Signalling Layer D HLR VLR C E SSP SS7 Network Fixed Station Fixed Exchange Transport Layer MSC Trunk Network A Local SS7 Network A SSP SSP Um SSP SSP

VLR

B
F EIR

MSC PSTN/ISDN PLMN

BSS
MS

MSC BSS HLR VLR -

Mobile Services Switching Centre Base Station System Home Location Register Visitor Location Register

EIR - Equipment Identity Register MS - Mobile Station SSP - Service Signalling Point in SS7 Network

Signalling System 7 (SS7)

SSP - Service Signalling Point STP - Signal Transfer Point SCP - Service Control Point

STP

STP

SCP

SSP

STP

STP

SSP

The SS7 Architecture

OMAP Operations Maintenance and Administration Part Application Service Element Transaction Capabilities Application Part ISDN User Part Signalling Connection Control Part Message Transfer Part

OSI Model

SS7 Protocol Model Non-Circuit related Circuit related

ASE

OMAP Application TCAP

ASEs

TCAP

ISDN-UP SCCP -

ISDN-UP
Presentation Null User Parts

MTP

Session
Transport

SCCP Network MTP Level 3 Data Link Physical MTP Level 2 MTP Level 1 Transport Services Parts

Mobile Application Part (MAP)

Location registration and cancellation Handover procedures Handling of supplementary services Retrieval of subscriber parameters during call set-up Authentication procedures OA&M TCAP OMAP Mobile Application Part MAP Mobile Application Entity (AE)

ASEs

SCCP MTP L3 MTP L2 MTP L1

Intelligent Networks - CAMEL

IN Implementation in a GSM Network SCP - Service Control Point SSF - Service Switching Function INAP - Intelligent Network Application Part of C7 MAP - Mobile Application Part of C7 SCP Manages service aspects Eg. Pre-paid accounts

SCP

SSF

VLR

MAP HLR

MAP

VLR

SSF

MSC

MSC

BSS

BSS

HLR/VLRs Manage Mobility

BSS

BSS

The Intelligent Network

Charging options Freephone Local rates Premium rates Routing options Group calls Network call centre options Virtual Private Networks Personal calls one number configurable routing

The IN adds a computer and voice system to the fixed network

Service Control Point

Intelligent Peripheral

CAMEL
Customised Applications for Mobile Network Enhanced Logic Designed to support operator specific services whilst roaming E.g. keying your usual number to recover voice mail Allows a mobile network to offer IN facilities Specific CAMEL subscription info is transferred when mobile registers in foreign network All calls to and from Camel customers are referred back to home network.

BSS/MSC Interface (A)

BSSAP - BSS Application Part DTAP - Direct Transfer Application Part BSSMAP - BSS Management Application Part BSSOMAP - Operations and Maintenance Application Part SCCP - Signalling Connection Control Part MTP - Message Transfer Part

BSSAP
DTAP BSSMAP

Distribution

BSSOMAP

A MSC BSS

SCCP
MTP Level 3 MTP Level 2 MTP Level 1

32-Channel E1 Digital Facilities

A-Interface to MSC
One PCM 30 Frame 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 SIGNALING SYNC

Voice and/or Data

Voice and/or Data

GSM A-Interface Signalling Protocol Stack

Connectivity Management Mobility Management BSS Application Part Signalling Connect Control Part Message Transport Part Layer 3 Message Transport Part Layer 2 Message Transport Part Layer 1

BSC/BTS Interface (A-bis)

Abis
BTS BSC

Radio Link Distribution Traffic Management Procedures L3 Transport Non Transport

Other Processes

Distribution

Network Management L2 Management

L2 L1

LAPD Physical Layer

Mobile Station/Base Station Interface (Um)

CC - Call Control entity SS - Supplementary Services support entity SMS - Short Message Service support entity LAPDm - Link Access Procedures on Dm channel (Similar to ISDN LAPD) Um

MS

Connection Management (CM) CC L3 SS Mobility Management (MM) Radio Resource Management (RR) SMS

L2

LAPDm Physical Layer (RADIO SUBSYSTEM)

L1

Protocol Summary
MSBTSBSCMSC Signalling Protocol Model

MS

BTS

BSC

MSC

Um MS MM

A-bis

A CM MM BSSAP

RR

RR

BSSAP SCCP MTP SCCP MTP

RR
LAPDm Phys. LAPDm Phys.

BTSM
LAPDm Phys.

BTSM
LAPD Phys.

Mobile Station Functional Models

Mobile Data Terminal MT0 MT0 Speech-only Mobiles MT0

ISDN Speech and Data Terminal (TE1)

ISDN Equipment Interface S

MT1

Non-ISDN Data Terminal (TE2) R

Phone ISDN Equipment MT1 Interface S ISDN TA

Data Terminal (TE2)

X- or V- Series Terminal Equipment Interface R

MT2