Aud|lory Process|rg & T|nn|rus

Wesley Jackson
A neural enthusiast's primer to
$ore s|rp|e prys|cs.
A|lrougr souno |s a perceplua| exper|erce, ary sourd car oe prys|ca||y
rode|ed as a spec|l|c Wavelorr.
|ntro
$ore s|rp|e prys|cs.
A|lrougr souno |s a perceplua| exper|erce, ary sourd car oe prys|ca||y
rode|ed as a spec|l|c Wavelorr.
A sloe tooe ls Lhe slmplesL sound
conslsLlng of a slngle frequency
componenL (Pz) of a glven
ampllLude (d8)
(slne Lones and oLher such
slmple sounds may correlaLe
wlLh hlgh levels of nosLalgla)
|ntro
$ore s|rp|e prys|cs.
A|lrougr souno |s a perceplua| exper|erce, ary sourd car oe prys|ca||y
rode|ed as a spec|l|c Wavelorr.
A sloe tooe ls Lhe slmplesL sound
conslsLlng of a slngle frequency
componenL (Pz) of a glven
ampllLude (d8)
Natura| sounds Lend Lo be nomplex
(conslsLlng of many frequency
componenLs)
- 1hey conslsL of paLLerns of changes ln
olt ptessote
|ntro
1he ooJltoty system LranslaLes Lhese paLLerns of alr pressure
change lnLo paLLerns of neuronal flrlng
|ntro
9erlpheral AudlLory SysLem
AudlLory
processlng
beglns ln
cochlea
%re Aud|lory $ysler
AudlLory
lnformaLlon ls
senL Lo Lhe braln
by Lhe audlLory
nerves
%re Aud|lory $ysler
9erlpheral AudlLory SysLem
$ourd Waves are lrars|aled |rlo rerve |rpu|ses.
ochlea
- Speclflc acousLlc frequencles cause
cerLaln locaLlons along Lhe basllar
membrane Lo vlbraLe
@oootopln otqoolzotloo
of Lhe basllar membrane
$ourd Waves are lrars|aled |rlo rerve |rpu|ses.
) lnner ear olt nells ote deflecLed by
vlbraLlons along Lhe basllar membrane
and sLlmulaLe ooJltoty oetves by
depolarlzlng afferenL nerve cells
2) 8ecause Lhe basllar membrane ls
LonoLoplcally organlzed Lhe audlLory
nerves ncod speclflc frequencles
-S
.lrequercy ercod|rg?
- An audlLory nerve's flrlng raLe wlll peak aL some speclflc
notontetlstln ftepoeony ()
- 1he wlll have a low response ttesolJ relaLlvely low
acousLlc energy (ampllLude) ls requlred for a response
AcLlvlLy (flrlng raLe) peaks aL
owesL d8 Lhreshold aL
FRE0UENY (KhZ}
o Meosotloq
peok tespoose
.lrequercy ercod|rg?
- 1he range of responses as ls approached ls Lhe teneptlve flelJ
- See how Lhls parLlcular frequency
Lakes Lhe lowesL d8 Lo evoke a
response? 1hls ls Lhls cell's notontetlstln
ftepoeony!
Many cells
wlLh dlfferenL
s encode
Lhe full
acousLlc
frequency
specLrum
lLs teneptlve flelJ ls Lhe shape of
Lhe response across many
frequencles
b Meosotloq
omplltoJe
ttesolJ
.ercoded acousl|c |rlorral|or serl lo CN$ -ra|nstem.
9-S -S
enLral AudlLory SysLem
%re Aud|lory $ysler
enLral -ervous SysLem (-S)
88Al-S1LM
- Pearlng can be LesLed by measurlng Lhe
bralnsLem's response Lo sounds of
varlous frequencles and ampllLudes
AudlLory 8ralnsLem 8esponse ()
Jot ls te
mlolmom J8
ttesolJ (le
hearlng Lhreshold)
fot son o
tespoose?
enLral -ervous SysLem (-S)
1PAAMuS
Medlal CenlculaLe 8ody (MC8)
9rlmary AudlLory orLex (Al)
l
ll
lll
lv
v
vl
orLlcal ayers*
ort|ca| Layrs III]IV
- 23 Grg|c
|ntrnurons
- 1halamlc lnpuL
- 9ro[ecL Lo oLher
corLlcal layers
& Notlne te nolomoot otqoolzotloo!
@ese nolomos ptoness slmllot
onoostln ptopettles
A8Aerg|c |rlerreurors A8Aerg|c |rlerreurors
- 8& ls Lhe prlmary lnhlblLory
neuroLransmlLLer
lL ls synLheslzed from Lhe exclLaLory
neuroLransmlLLer gluLamaLe by Lhe enzyme
qlotomln onlJ Jenotboxylose (CAu)
CAu
63
CA8A gluLamaLe
We are parLlcularly lnLeresLed ln Lhe
expresslon of CAu
63
Why? 8ecause
manlpulaLlng Lhe expresslon of CAu
67
can
be leLhal!
& 8 ls oot to be
noofoseJ wlt te 80s
sopetqtoop
% @ranscr|pt|on factors rgu|at gn prss|on
2 CAu ls produced by Grg|c
|ntrnurons whose developmenL
depends on lx ttoosntlptloo fontots
Pv A8Aerg|c |nrerneurons |r corl|ca| |ayers lll/lv
askt c||s
- MosL common lnhlblLory neuron ln Al
- 9ro[ecL Lo somo (cell body) of
pytomlJol oeotoos
- 1hese cells commonly express Lhe
proLeln potvolbomlo are Lhus called
lv- 8osket cells (9v8)
- lotetoeotoos provlde local
connecLlons wlLhln corLex and are
prlmarlly lnhlblLory (CA8Aerglc)
Jloet 5nteloet (2011) @e oJltoty cottex
9rlmary AudlLory orLex (Al)
AudlLory 9aLhway Cvervlew
ear|rg 0arage
- uamaged halr cells no longer respond
Lo envlronmenLal frequencles
ear|rg 0arage
Palr cells responslve Lo hlgher
frequencles aren'L as responslve as
before
2 1hls means Lhere wlll be less
Lhalamlc lnpuL Lo Lhe corLex for
Lhese frequencles
3 So corLlcal neurons Luned Lo Lhese
frequencles wlll have reduced
Lhalamlc lnpuL and become
daffrntd tey oow ptlmotlly
tespooJ to lowet ftepoeonles too
befote
(ooq et ol 2011)
5ee ow lq ftepoeony ttesolJs
Joot tenovet oftet eotloq Jomoqe?
shows |mpa|rd h|ghfruncy
har|ng aftr har|ng damag
So cort|ca| rspons mphas|zs
|owr frunc|s
SS
llecls ol Aud|lory 0eallererlal|or
1) orr|oa| Reoran|zar|on & Vap 0|srupr|on
$ensory deafferentat|on causes many changes to the 6entra| Nervous $ystem
- 1he LonoLoplc organlzaLlon of Al becomes
teotqoolzeJ as neurons now respond prlmarlly
Lo lower frequency sounds Lhan before hearlng
damage
) 1hls neuron prevlously had a clear hlgh
2) -o longer so preclsely Luned for
(prevlously) hlgh frequency neurons!
Pence Lhe map dlsrupLlon
(ooq et ol 2011)
See how Lhe hlgh
frequency area of Lhe
corLex ls no longer
LonoLoplcally
organlzed afLer
hearlng damage?
- 1hls ls an example of
mop Jlstoptloo!
llecls ol Aud|lory 0eallererlal|or
2) Vorpno|o|oa| nanes
$ensory deafferentat|on causes many changes to the 6entra| Nervous $ystem
- orLlcal map dlsrupLlon ls accompanled by morphologlcal
changes Lo deafferenLed pyramldal neurons
llecls ol Aud|lory 0eallererlal|or
3) Crarges |r $napr|o P|asr|o|r
$ensory deafferentat|on causes many changes to the 6entra| Nervous $ystem
- ueafferenLed neurons don'L flre as ofLen because
Lhey have losL much Lhalamlc lnpuL
- 1herefore Lo malnLaln overall levels of exclLablllLy
ton|c |nh|b|t|on ls reduced by decreaslng levels of
amblenL CA8A
- 1hls ls achleved by downregulaLlon of CAu
Where dld all Lhe CAu go?
(ooq et ol 2011)
llecls ol Aud|lory 0eallererlal|or
3) Crarges |r $napr|o P|asr|o|r
$ensory deafferentat|on causes many changes to the 6entra| Nervous $ystem
- @on|c |nh|b|t|on ls
caused by amblenL CA8A
exLrasynapLlc CA8A whlch
modulaLes basellne
neuronal exclLablllLy
- xttosyooptln means far
from Lhe synapses
8emember how CA8Aerglc
baskeL cells synapse Lo Lhe
soma of pyramldal neurons
raLher Lhan Lhe dendrlLes?
llecls ol Aud|lory 0eallererlal|or
1) %|rr|lusl
$ensory deafferentat|on causes many changes to the 6entra| Nervous $ystem
% @h|s daffrntat|onmot|vatd |ncras |n c|tab|||ty |s th most
||k|y caus of t|nn|tus as ths ovrc|td h|gh nurons w||| now f|r
vry oftn!
% thr nurons "||stn|ng" to th act|v|ty of ths nurons w||| |ntrprt
th|s |ncras |n act|v|ty as th prsnc of that fruncy |n th
nv|ronmnthnc th prcpt|on of sound or t|nn|tus!
-coottoty to ooqle lmoqe seotn te obove tespoose ls oot ontoolly o telloble
notontetlstln beovlotol nottelote of tlooltos
llecls ol Aud|lory 0eallererlal|or
1) %|rr|lusl
$ensory deafferentat|on causes many changes to the 6entra| Nervous $ystem
% @h|s daffrntat|onmot|vatd |ncras |n c|tab|||ty |s th most
||k|y caus of t|nn|tus as ths ovrc|td h|gh nurons w||| now f|r
vry oftn!
% thr nurons "||stn|ng" to th act|v|ty of ths nurons w||| |ntrprt
th|s |ncras |n act|v|ty as th prsnc of that fruncy |n th
nv|ronmnthnc th prcpt|on of sound or t|nn|tus!
-coottoty to ooqle lmoqe seotn te obove tespoose ls oot ontoolly o telloble
notontetlstln beovlotol nottelote of tlooltos