Stanford Geostatistical

Earth Modeling
Software

SGeMS :: SNESIM

@ Austin, Texas, 2007

 Training image (TI)
SGeMS SHORT COURSE :: SNESIM

A training image is a visually explicit model of heterogeneity/

continuity without any attempt at local accuracy
 Geological analogs, outcrops

 Sequence stratigraphy

 Object-based modeling

 Process-based modeling

 Physical rule-based modeling

A TI generator is available in SGeMS, coded by Amisha Maharaja 2

 Original MPS implementation
SGeMS SHORT COURSE :: SNESIM

Pixel-based approach building on sequential simulation paradigm

(Journel, Srivastava, 1992)

Simulation grid Training image

Look for patterns matching

u2 the conditioning data
u4 u? u3
u1

P(sand)=3/4
Updated simulation P(shale)=1/4
Draw simulated value

?
u?
• Stochastic (multiple realizations)
• Easy to condition (pixel-based)
Go to next grid node
• General (not specific to channels)
along random path... • But slow 3
 Introduction of search tree
SGeMS SHORT COURSE :: SNESIM

(Strebelle, 2000)

 Store and classify occurrences of all training patterns

(for a given data search neighborhood or data template)
 Construction requires scanning training image only once (fast)
 Read the facies probabilities from search tree during simulation

1
4 u 2
3

4
 Single grid algorithm
SGeMS SHORT COURSE :: SNESIM

Generic sequential simulation algorithm

multiple-point
• Relocate any hard data to grid cells if required data event

• Define a random path

• Loop over all grid cells

• Extract local data event (B) with a template
B=any data and previously simulated values
• Read P(A|B) from search tree
• Draw from P(A|B) a value
• Add that value to the data set
?

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 Single-grid unconditional
simulation
SGeMS SHORT COURSE :: SNESIM

Simulation (250X250)
80 condition data
TI (250X250) (9X9)
120 seconds

150 condition data

(12X12)
450 seconds

(P4, 3GHz CPU, 512 RAM)

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 Multiple-grid approach
SGeMS SHORT COURSE :: SNESIM

Full

Empty

Coarse grid Fine grid

template template

In 1994, Tom Tran suggested multiple-grids as a

solution ::
Instead of using one large and dense template, utilize
a series of cascading coarse grids and sparse templates.
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 Multiple-grid approach
SGeMS SHORT COURSE :: SNESIM

Coarse grid Fine grid

Scan the training image using the coarse template.
Perform
a coarse grid simulation. Copy the content of the
coarse grid to the fine grid and perform another ( fine
grid ) simulation. 8
 Multiple-grid approach
SGeMS SHORT COURSE :: SNESIM

Coarse grid Fine grid

Scan the training image using the coarse template.
Perform
a coarse grid simulation. Copy the content of the
coarse grid to the fine grid and perform another ( fine
grid ) simulation. 9
 Multiple-grid approach
SGeMS SHORT COURSE :: SNESIM

Coarse grid Fine grid

Scan the training image using the coarse template.
Perform
a coarse grid simulation. Copy the content of the
coarse grid to the fine grid and perform another ( fine
grid ) simulation. 10
 Multiple-grid unconditional
simulation
SGeMS SHORT COURSE :: SNESIM

TI 60 condition data
(250x250) 36 seconds
(3 grids)

80 condition 150 condition data

data, 1 grid 450 seconds
120 seconds (single grid)

(P4,
3GHz CPU
11
512 RAM)
 Exercise :: single/multiple
grids
SGeMS SHORT COURSE :: SNESIM

 Load “facies_5.prj” (3/5 facies TI)

 Single and multiple-grid unconditional simulation

 Load “facies_2.prj” (2 facies channel TI)

 single and multiple-grid simulation with and
without well data conditioning

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 Soft data integration
SGeMS SHORT COURSE :: SNESIM

Tau model is used to integrate soft data (Journel,

2002)
Prior probability P ( A)
Training image P( A | B )
1 − P(A | B, C)
x=
Seismic data P( A | C ) P(A | B, C)

1
P(A | B, C) = ∈ [ 0,1] a=
1 − P(A)
1+ x P(A)
1 − P(A | B)
τ1 τ2 b=
x b c P(A | B)
=   
a a a c=
1 − P(A | C)
P(A | C) 13
 Exercise :: soft data
conditioning
SGeMS SHORT COURSE :: SNESIM

 Load “facies_2.prj” (2 facies channel TI)

 simulation conditional to soft data (Pmud, Psand)
 10 simulations + E-type; compare to the soft data

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 Local non-stationary
SGeMS SHORT COURSE :: SNESIM

Reference, p=0.375
250.000

sand
North

shale

0.0
0.0 East 250.000

True reference used as Ti

Non-stationary patterns can NOT be simulated by a non-stationary TI

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 Non-stationary :: rotate TI
SGeMS SHORT COURSE :: SNESIM

Reservoir actual
250 original TI deposition direction
θ
Training image
deposition direction

0 250 TI
w
ne

Rotate training image by θ

to look for conditioning data

Build one searching tree

for each rotation angle θ 16
 Non-stationary :: rescale TI
SGeMS SHORT COURSE :: SNESIM

250 original TI 500 new TI

X2

0 250
X0.5

125 new TI

125 500
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 Non-stationary example
SGeMS SHORT COURSE :: SNESIM

(TI manipulation internally)

Fluvial fan deposit simulation:

Channel orientation Channel thickness Seismic
25 hard data
25 hard data locations, p=0.40
250.

200.
45o x2
sand 0 o

150. x1
100.

shale
x0.5
50.
90o
0.
0. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250.

250.000
Simulated realization
Realization with fetures (p=0.41)

sand

North

shale

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0.0
0.0 East 250.000
 Non-stationary example
SGeMS SHORT COURSE :: SNESIM

(TI manipulation externally)

250 250
100

100 250
250

R4
R1 R2 R3

100 100 100

300
100 200
R1 R1+R2 R1+R2+R3 19
 Exercise :: rotation/affinity
SGeMS SHORT COURSE :: SNESIM

 Load “fan_snesim.prj” (2 facies, 2D channel TI)

 Orginal TI → TI | ti3

 Run SNESIM simulation on “sim_grid”

conditioning to Hard + Soft (Pmud, Psand)
 Use rotation and affinity region (TI manipulation
internally)

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 Exercise :: rotation/affinity
SGeMS SHORT COURSE :: SNESIM

 Load “fan_snesim.prj” (2 facies, 2D channel

TI)
 Orginal TI → TI | ti3
 Squeeze (2) → TI | ti4
 Rotate 900 TI → TI | ti5
 Rotate 900 TI + squeeze (2) → TI | ti6
 Rotate 450 TI → TI | ti1
 Rotate 450 + expansion (2) TI → TI | ti0
 Rotate 450 + squeeze (2) TI → TI | ti2

 Hard + Soft (Pmud, Psand) simulation

Use region (TI manipulation externally) 21
 3D examples
SGeMS SHORT COURSE :: SNESIM

3D 3 facies channel TI
(150x195x30) SNESIM realization
(100x130x10)

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 Summary
SGeMS SHORT COURSE :: SNESIM

SNESIM
Categorical variables (<5)
Simple structures
Honor hard, soft, geology
Statistics
Pixel-wise simulation
Good target control
Soft data as probability
Non-stationary

Fast, but
memory demanding
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 Subgrid
SGeMS SHORT COURSE :: SNESIM

C B C B C B C B

A C A C A C A C

C B C B C B C B

C A A C A C A C A C
B C
C B C B C B C B
C B
A C A C A C A C A C

C B C B C B C B
C B
A C A C A C A C

3rd grid A : 1st sub-grid

A C B : 2nd sub-grid
2nd grid 24
C : 3rd sub-grid
 Subgrid
SGeMS SHORT COURSE :: SNESIM

C B
B B B B

A A A A
A C
B B B B
3rd grid
A A A A 2nd grid

B B
? B B A : 1st sub-grid
B : 2nd sub-grid
A A A A
C : 3rd sub-grid
B B B B
basic node
A A A A added node

maximum number of conditioning data = 14 + 4

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 Subgrid 2
SGeMS SHORT COURSE :: SNESIM

C B
C B C B C B C B

A C A C A C A C
A C
C B C B C B C B
3rd grid
A C A C A C A C 2nd grid

C B C B C
? B C B A : 1st sub-grid
B : 2nd sub-grid
A C A C A C A C
C : 3rd sub-grid
C B C B C B C B
basic node
A C A C A C A C added node

maximum number of conditioning data = 14 + 4

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