Developing A Conceptual Framework

Conceptual Frameworks
What is a Conceptual Framework ?

Provides a relationship between the concepts found in the literature

A move from confusion to certainty

Identifies what aspect you want to study and how you understand it
Your interpretation of the key themes/concepts in your topic area and how they relate to one another

Conceptual Frameworks
May result in you developing a diagram, chart, map etc. to display the framework with an explanation May result in you providing a written summary of how you have understood your topic May be an adaptation of an existing model created by an academic The idea is to create a framework that you can explore or test through fieldwork

Developing a Conceptual Framework

What are the main concepts or terms?
Define these May not necessarily be a correct definition but must be useful Say why you have selected these concepts and definitions Examples: Quality or Advertising or Ethical Behaviour

Developing a Conceptual Framework

How do they fit together?
What is the framework? Like a jigsaw puzzle Cause and effect Stages in a process Coordinates Hierarchy Opposites

Cause and Effect Involvement of Purchase

Awareness

Trial

Repeat Purchase

(Ehrenberg & Goodhart, in Jobber, 2004)

Hierarchical Model (CSR Pyramid)

Desired by Society Philanthropic Ethical Legal Economic Expected by Society Required by Society

Required by Society
(Carroll, 1991)

Co-ordinates Ansoffs Matrix

New Markets Market Development Diversification

Present Markets

Penetration

Product Development

Consolidation
Present Products New Products

Developing a Conceptual Framework

Things to watch out for!
Dont make it too complicated keep it simple

A bit too complicated

And so is this

Developing a Conceptual Framework

Things to watch out for!
Dont make it too complicated keep it simple Dont forget to specify the relationships between the concepts Sports Marketing Dont make it too general

Endorsement

Sponsorship

By the end of the Literature Review

You should have provided the reader with a detailed, critical overview of your topic You should have described your conceptual framework

Reference List or Bibliography?

A Reference List is a list of all the sources that you are citing in the text

A Bibliography is a list of all the sources that you have read and are NOT citing in the text

Referencing
Academic articles, which are peer reviewed, have been examined to check their research and arguments You strengthen your own arguments by demonstrating that you know and understand about other literature in the area Simply cutting and pasting chunks or quotes from other sources is not good academic practice and will not help you understand things well

Referencing
You need to keep track of where you get your ideas from. This is done by referencing, this is important and offers another layer of meaning to your work
Allows you and other readers to find interesting sources you have used Ensures you credit other authors and sources for their work Demonstrates the breadth of your awareness of the topic and indicates which sources have particularly influenced your thinking.

Passing material off as your own, which you have not written, is not allowed and counts as Academic Misconduct

The Harvard Referencing System*

Citing the way a writer refers from the text to the sources used (i.e. the references) Referencing the process of creating a bibliographic description of each source. In other words, providing a consistent description of the elements needed to identify a specific source: author, date of publication, title, place of publication, publisher, etc.

* Other systems are available, but we dont use them

The Harvard Referencing System

Each citation should include the name of the author(s) and date and page if it is direct quote (which is enclosed in Quotation marks) Each reference should include the name of the author or creator (use initials for forenames); the year the resource was published or created; the title of the resource; the place of publication; the name of the publisher.

Harvard Referencing System in the Text

Include the authors surname and date NOT the initials; if there are 3 or more use [Lead Author] et al. Use the brackets properly!
Many authors agree that Smith (2009) is misquoted Many authors (eg Smith, 2009) agree that referencing is important

NOT
Many authors agree that (Smith, 2009) is misquoted

Harvard Referencing System in the Text

Remember where the full stop goes!
NOT It is alleged that shock advertising works. (Davies, 2006) What method is open to debate.
BUT It is alleged that shock advertising works (Davies, 2006). What method is open to debate.

Cite bodies properly

The economy is booming (HM Treasury, 2009)

Harvard Referencing System in the Text

BEWARE OF WEBSITES!!!

Treat a website as an organisation

So it is NOT:
Millions of bank customers hoping to be refunded overdraft charges are struck a blow in a Supreme Court judgement. (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8376906.stm, 2009)

But:
Millions of bank customers hoping to be refunded overdraft charges are struck a blow in a Supreme Court judgement. (BBC, 2009)

Harvard Referencing System in the Text

BEWARE OF WEBSITES!!!

Treat a website as an organisation

So it is NOT:
Millions of bank customers hoping to be refunded overdraft charges are struck a blow in a Supreme Court judgement. (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8376906.stm, 2009)

But:
Millions of bank customers hoping to be refunded overdraft charges are struck a blow in a Supreme Court judgement. (BBC, 2009, np)

Harvard Referencing System in the Reference List

Remember what a reference list is for! Alphabetic order of SURNAME of lead author ONE list of sources not three Reference List order is:
Smith, AS, 2009, The Marketing Book, Odhams Press, Watford Smith, AS, 2009, The Marketing Dilemma, Journal of Marketing, Volume 3, Issue 6, pages, 24-36

Harvard Referencing System in the Reference List

Remember what a reference list is for! Alphabetic order of SURNAME of lead author ONE list of sources not three Reference List order is:
Smith, AS, 2009a, The Marketing Book, Odhams Press, Watford Smith, AS, 2009b, The Marketing Dilemma, Journal of Marketing, Volume 3, Issue 6, pages, 24-36

Websites
BBC, 2009, Banks win Supreme Court case on overdraft charges [online] available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8376906.stm, 2009 [accessed 25/11/09]

Plagiarism a VERY serious Topic

Plagiarism is the use of any published or unpublished work without proper acknowledgement. It has been described as: "...passing off someone else's work, whether intentionally or unintentionally, as your own for your own benefit. (Carroll, 2002:9)

Plagiarism a VERY serious Topic

Plagiarism is the use of any published or unpublished work without proper acknowledgement. It has been described as: "...passing off someone else's work, whether intentionally or unintentionally, as your own for your own benefit (Carroll, 2002:9). Protect your work:
Keep notes Dont ever lend people your material Dont share your password or leave your PC on when youre not there

Types of Plagiarism
Copying chunks of text without using quotation marks and without appropriate acknowledgement; for example, cutting-and-pasting text from website encyclopaedias or online research papers, or copying papers written by students who took the same course in previous years Copying text and making very minor changes, and without appropriate acknowledgement. This is an example of unacceptable paraphrasing

Types of Plagiarism
Copying a picture or photo from the Internet, without appropriate acknowledgement. If you use images protected by copyright you must also obtain permission from the copyright owner Using another person's numerical spreadsheet, without appropriate acknowledgement Duplicating your own work, for example by submitting almost exactly the same work for two different assignments

A dodgy Paraphrase
In a Conceptual Framework, you put the concepts together as in a jigsaw puzzle. You work out how all the concepts fit together and relate to each other (Fisher, 2007:126). A Conceptual Framework is like a jigsaw puzzle, with the concepts as the pieces. You decide how all the pieces relate to each other and fit together.

A dodgy Paraphrase
In a Conceptual Framework, you put the concepts together as in a jigsaw puzzle. You work out how all the concepts fit together and relate to each other (Fisher, 2007:126). A Conceptual Framework is like a jigsaw puzzle, with the concepts as the pieces. You decide how all the pieces relate to each other and fit together (Fisher, 2007).

How to avoid it
Dont think we cannot notice it

Ensure you keep a record of your sources

Never paraphrase by just altering one or two words The maximum penalty is