GARIMA AWASTHI

Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University, Lucknow

The various stages of processing that occur after the completion of the fermentation or bioconversion stage, including separation, purification, and packaging of the product

Removal of insoluble's Cell Disruption (if product is intracellular) Product Isolation Product Purification Product Polishing

Fermentation Broth
Filtration

Removal of insoluble's
(if product is intracellular)

Centrifugation Extraction Adsorption High Resolution

Chromatography

(if product is extracellular)

Cell Disruption

Product Isolation Product Purification

Partial Purification

Product Polishing
Packaging

Crystallization Drying

Capture of the product as a solute in a particulate-free liquid Example:

separation of cells, cell debris or other particulate matter from fermentation broth.

Techniques:
Filtration Centrifugation

Filtration A mechanical operation used for the separation of solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by interposing a medium to fluid flow through which the fluid can pass, but the solids in the fluid are retained. Basis of separation is pore size of membrane.

Centrifugal force is applied for the separation of mixtures The basis of separation is density difference More-dense components migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge less-dense components migrate towards the axis.

Reducing the volume of material to be handled and concentrating the product.

The unit operations involved
Extraction

Adsorption

Partial Purification

Protein precipitation

High resolution purification technique

Chromatography Ultra filtration Microfiltration Dialysis Electro-dialysis Electrophoresis

Protein Precipitation

Formation of a solid in a solution during a chemical reaction. Solid formed is called the precipitate and the liquid remaining above the solid is called the supernate.

To separate contaminants that resemble the product very closely in physical and chemical properties.
Expensive and require sensitive and sophisticated equipment.

Gel Chromatography Ion exchange Chromatography Affinity Chromatography Hydrophobic interaction Chromatography

Final processing steps which end with packaging of the product in a form that is stable, easily transportable and convenient. Crystallization, desiccation, lyophilization and spray drying are typical unit operations

Process of formation of solid crystals precipitating from a solution, melt or more rarely deposited directly from a gas.
chemical solid-liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs.

Removal of solvent or moisture content from product so as to dry the product which increase the shelf life of the product

Conduction Drying
Tray

Drying Tumble Drying

Adiabatic Drying

Freezing the material Reducing the surrounding pressure and adding enough heat to allow the frozen water in the material to sublime directly from the solid phase to gas.