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Anand Gadodia
Dielectric Strength
Dielectric strength is defined as the voltage gradient at which dielectric material fails. It is expressed in volts per unit of thickness. As a test value it is influenced by many factors.
Influencing Factors
Electrode geometry. Humidity. Pressure. Temperature. Electrode material. Surrounding medium. Voltage wave form. Voids, contaminants and imperfections. Duration and magnitude of the applied voltage. Thickness of specimen. Time
Dielectric Strength
Measured as per IEC 60243-1 or ASTM D149. SS electrode is preferred. Electric field intensity at the surface of conductor is inversely proportional to the radius of curvature. Hence stress is high near the sharp edges. To avoid stress non uniformity, electrode edges should be rounded off. Voltage source should be free from harmonics transients and surges. Rapid rise, step by step rise and proof voltage test.
Dielectric Strength
Units (kv/mm) Air 3 Cellulose Paper 40 Ceramic Paper 10 Epoxy Resin 80 Mica 40 Nomex Paper 28 Polyimide 200 Porcelain 5 25 Silicone Resin 100
Dielectric Constant
Dielectric Constant
The ratio of capacitance of the dielectric to that of free space for the same electrode configuration, is denoted by dielectric constant of the material. K = Cd
/
CV
It is also relative ability to store electrostatic energy. Also known as relative permittivity. Ratio between permittivity of medium to free space. F = k Q1 X Q 2 / R 2 k = 1/ 4 K = / 0 relative permittivity
where F = electrostatic force, Q = charge, R = distance between the charge and = permittivity of dielectric
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Dielectric Constant
Dielectric Constant
Dielectric constant of few materials at 50 hz. Vacuum =1 Polyethylene = 1.5 Mica =3 Epoxy Resin =4 Polyamide imide = 4.3 Fiber glass =5 Water = 80 Materials having dielectric constant above 10 are not insulating materials.
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In practice it is difficult to isolate above 2 components in process of measurement, Hence an over all parameter IR is used to denote the quality of insulation.
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Components of resistance
Capacitive current Conductance current Leakage current Absorption current/ Polarization current
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Magnitude of applied voltage. Time of holding applied voltage. Presence of residual charges. Humidity Temperature Impurities dust, grease on surface
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Resistance Measurement
Test method : IEC 60093 / ASTM 257 Measurement is mostly done at 500 dc volts Screening of positive electrode for avoiding unwanted stray currents. Vol Resistance of insulating materials used for rotating m/c and transformer has values generally above 10 12 Ohm.cm. IR value is not directly related to dielectric strength. Measurement of IR for rotating m/c is done as per IEEE 43-2000 & IEEE 95-2002
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Safety Precaution
Testing is done at 500 volts or multiple of it .Hence some safety measures are must Windings should be discharged completely before taking measurements. Charging to discharging time ratio of 1:4 is recommended by IEEE 43. IEEE 43 also recommends line to neutral return voltage should be less than 20 to begin the testing.
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Polarization Index
PI is ratio between IR at 10 minute & 1 minute. Low PI ratio (nearly 1) indicates that conduction & leakage currents are much larger than absorption current, which can lead to tracking. Above 2 is safe PI value. Less than 1 - Dangerous 1 1.5 - Poor 1.5 2.0 - Questionable 2 3.0 - Fair 3-4 - Good Above 4 - Excellent If IR value of rotating machine is more than 5000 mohms. PI value may or may not be an indication of insulation condition. Then instead of PI DA should be calculated
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R 1 min = 5
R1 min = 100
As per IEEE 43
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Dielectric loss
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Dielectric loss
Also known as Tan delta , Dissipation factor or Loss tangent. Is measure of energy absorbed by dielectrics. 0ccurs within polar materials. Is caused by oscillation/ rotation of dipole. It is a frequency dependent phenomena. When tested at HV it reveals extent of PD activity. With ageing of machine dielectric losses increase. It is temp dependent. Moisture absorption increases polarization hence loss.
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Dielectric loss
I I IC Tan =Dissipation Factor Sin = Power Factor
IR
Dielectric Loss
Dissipation factor = tan Power factor = cos For small , tan = cos tan in range of .001 to .005 is most common. Measurement by IEC 60250 / ASTM D150 Measured on balanced bridge type instrument. Power source should be free from harmonics and any surges. Test is performed mostly on coils or m/c. Tan delta test is used for condition monitoring of motors.
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Partial Discharge
A discharge that occurs within the solid insulation without completely bridging the gap between electrodes. It is a localized break down. Occurs in sub microscopic to moderate (fraction of mm) voids inside dielectric . Due to lower permittivity of gases electric field within void is much higher than rest of dielectric. Dielectric strength of gases is poorer than solid dielectric. Occurs when voltage gradient is more than 100 v/mil. Test method IEC 60270/ IEEE 1434
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Corona
Local breakdown of air at adjacent to conductor is known as corona. Caused by ionization of air leading to electron avalanche. Photons are emitted giving rise to glow. Glow discharge I < 1 amp Arc breakdown I > 1 amp
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Arc Resistance
It is ability of insulating material to sustain intermittent to continuous arcing. 12.5 kv is applied between two electrodes at distance of 6.2 mm appox. Failure can be gauged by conducting fine path, tracking or complete carbonization of surface a few specimen burst in to flame. Extremely high temp up to 12000 k may develop Carbon from carbon brush can lead to arcing in dc machine.
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Tracking
Formation of permanent conducting path across the surface of an insulation due to presence of contaminants, and in most cases the conduction results from degradation of the insulation itself. It is therefore necessary for organic insulation to be present if tracking is to occur. 1. The presence of a conducting film across the surface of the insulation, usually moisture coupled with dust & salinity 2. A mechanism whereby the leakage current through the conducting film is interrupted with the production of sparks. 3. Degradation of the insulation must be caused by the sparks.
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Tracking
The property of a solid insulating material against tracking is represented by a numerical value known as the Comparative Tracking Index (CTI). This is obtained by using a standard test method. Higher value of CTI Indicates better performing material against tracking. Test method : IEC 60112
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Degradation of insulation
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Degradation of insulation
Degradation is caused by following stresses. T hermal E lectrical A mbient / Environmental M echanical
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Thermal Degradation
Most recognised cause of gradual degradation and ultimate failure. Generally insulating materials are poor conductor of heat which aggravates the problem further.
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S C
Thermal Classification
Ability to withstand rated temp for 20000 hrs.,at specific temp. Measurement done as per IEC 60216. End point criteria as per IEC 60216.2 could be: 50% loss in dielectric strength. 50% loss in tensile strength. 5 -10 % loss in mass. 50% loss in elongation. 50% loss in flexural strength. One material can have different temp Index for mechanical & electrical stresses.
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Log of Time
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Temp in 0C
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Mechanical Stress
It arises due to moving parts in the electrical machines
Environmental Stress
Humidity, condensed moisture. Dust , carbon, metal particles & oil contamination. Salinity in coastal area. Ozone, chemical fumes, oxidation. UV/nuclear radiation, freon refrigerant gases.
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Mica Paper
Inorganic material. Silicate of potassium magnesium & aluminium. Excellent arc, corona & pd resistance. Very high temp resistance. High thermal conductivity. Pores of mica permit passage for VPI resin to flow through.
DIFFERENT TYPES
OF MICA PAPER ROLLS
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Phlogopite Mica
Silicate of K, Mg & Al [HK(Mg,F)3Mg3 Al(SiO4)3. Usable temp limited to 980 0 C. Shiny brown colour. Preferred for field coil taping.
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Kapton Grade
HN general purpose grade VN superior dimensional stability FN coated with FEP film Attributes MT:Thermally Conductive CR:Corona Resistant CB:Opaque E :Fine circuitry PST :Adhesion XC :Conductive Antistatic BCL-Y :Printable
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1.42 230 mpa appox at 23 C 72 % at 23 C 240 for electrical strength none 360 410 0c can be used at 4000c for few hr 0.12 w/m.k
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Moisture absorption
Electric strength Volume resistivity Dissipation factor
Polyimide film uses Magnet wire insulation. Slot liner. Flexible PCB base. Wire & cable insulation. Transformer & capacitor insulation. Electronics hard drive, cell phone, printers & camera.
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Impregnating Resin Impregnating resin is the key component determining electrical thermal & mechanical properties of final insulations. They are available to meet different requirements at varying price level. Resins are used for encapsulation, potting, casting and dipping.
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Impregnating Resin
Selection Criteria Size of machine. Operating Temperature. Manufacturing Process. Health Safety & Environmental Regulation. 5. Working environment of motor 1. 2. 3. 4.
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Impregnating Resin Selection Parameters 1. 2. 3. 4. Resin Viscosity Storage & Impregnation Temperature Pot life Sensitivity to moisture, salinity and deleterious environment. 5. Gel time. 6. Low shrinkage on curing. 7. High thermal Conductivity. 8. Low toxicity. 9. Acceptable cure cycle. 10.Low shrinkage in curing.
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Aramid Paper
Generally known as Nomex Paper. Chemically it is aromatic polyamide. Aramide is available in meta & para forms. Meta aramid is known as kevlar which finds use in bulletproof application. Para aramid developed by Dupont is known as Nomex. Nomex is available in paper , non woven and pressboard.
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Aramid Paper
Good dielectric properties. Excellent tear and abrasion resistance. It does not shrink embrittle soften or melt if exposed for short time at 300 C. Usable up to class 220 operation. Resistant to many chemicals. Suitable for cryogenic use. Unaffected by most of the radiation. It is flame resistant (V0 as per UL 94). Does not Produce toxic reaction with humans or animals. It absorbs moisture , but electrical properties are virtually unaffected. Good varnish and resin absorption.
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Dissipation factor
(60 hertz)
Breaking Strength
Aramid paper typical property of Nomex 410 5mil Elongation Elmendorf tear Thermal class Thermal conductivity LOI 15% MD 12% XD 3.4 N MD 5.2 N XD 220 0.123 W/MK 31%
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Ceramic Paper
It better known as inorganic paper branded as cequin & tuffquin. It comprises of mainly fiber glass. Organic content is 10% appx. It can operate from sub zero conditions to 250 C on long term basis. Dielectric values are retained even after long term exposure at high operating temperatures. Thermal conductivity is high hence windings are generally cooler by 10-15 deg. Moisture absorption is less than 1%.permitting small drying cycle. Good varnish absorption enhances heat transfer.
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Cequin property
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Cequin Applications Slot phase & ground insulation. Layer and ground insulation & core wrap for transformer. Wire & cable wrap. Battery separator. Capacitor & magnet insulation. Switchgear insulation
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Motor testing
IR at low voltage. It indicates degree of contaminants on insulation surface. Polarization Index. It indicates condition of overall insulation. Over voltage test. A/C or DC Test reveals insulation weakness. Surge comparator for inter turn insulation. Slot discharge test for checking adequacy of ground connection between sufaces of coil and core. Usually for 6.6 KV & more.
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Motor testing
Corona probe test indicates unusual ionisation within insulation. Rotor winding impedence test for detecting turn to turn fault. Power factor of insulation from windings to core , it indicates aging deterioration. Generally applicable to 6.6 kv and more. Partial discharge test. Indicates aging of insulation.
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Motor testing.
Capacitance test can indicate thermal deterioration or saturation of insulation with moisture. Semiconductive coating contact resistance. This indicates if coils are loose in slots or if coating has deteriorated. Wedge tap test indicates loose coil. DC conductivity will reveal if copper strands are broken or cracked. Black out test measures PD by light emission.
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Losses in Motors
Losses in conductor(I2 R). Core (hysteresis & eddy current )&tooth pulsation losses. Insulation losses dielectric heating due to dipole movement & pd activity. Windage loss energy lost in moving the air around in the air gap between rotor & stator. Friction losses. Rotor slip loss in squirrel cage induction ac motor. Frequent startup raise winding temperature. Insulations defects. Generally insulating materials are poor conductor of heat which aggravates the problem further. Stray load losses. Brush contact loss for DC machines.
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Types of Surges
base 1 = 230 v
Thank You
ANAND GADODIA
3A Associates Incorporated
158 Lohar Chawl, Kanji Gokuldas Building, 2nd Floor, Mumbai - 400 002, Maharashtra, INDIA. Tel. No. 91-22-22087053, Fax No. 91-22-22060395
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