Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Presented By
Engr. Abdul Khaleque
Historical Perspective
D2
D1
D1 X D2
72.2
FxD
secret formula
Microwave Fading
Normal Signal
Reflective Path
reflectors
Range-cont’d
High frequencies are
repeated/received at or below one
mile
Lower frequencies can travel up to
100 miles but 25-30 miles is the
typical placement for repeaters
Interference
Adjacent Channel Interference
digital not greatly affected
Overreach
caused by signal feeding past a
repeater to the receiving antenna at
the next station in the route.
Eliminated by zigzag path alignment
or alternate frequency use between
adjacent stations
Components of a
Microwave System
Digital Modem
Radio Frequency (RF) Unit
Antenna
Digital Modem
The digital modem modulates the
information signal (intermediate
frequency or IF).
RF Unit
IF is fed to the RF unit which is
mounted as close physically to the
antenna as possible (direct
connect is optimal).
Antenna
The antenna is a passive device
that radiates the modulated signal.
It is fed by direct connect of the RF
unit, coaxial cable, or waveguides
at higher frequencies.
Waveguides
Fad
ed S
i gna
l
Transmitter Receiver
Space Diversity-cont’d
Space Diversity protects against
multi-path fading by automatic
switch over to another antenna
place below the primary antenna.
This is done at the BER failure
point or signal strength
attenuation point to the secondary
antenna that is receiving the
transmitted signal at a stronger
power rating.
Frequency Diversity
RCVR
Active XTMR Frequency #1
Frequency #1
RCVR
Protect XTMR Frequency #2
Frequency #2
Transmitter Receiver
Frequency Diversity-cont’d
Frequency Diversity uses separate
frequencies (dual transmit and
receive systems); it monitors
primary for fail over and switches
to standby. Interference usually
affects only one range of
frequencies. Not allowed in non-
carrier applications because of
spectrum scarcity.
Hot Standby*
Active RCVR
System XTMR #1
Primary #1
Standby RCVR
System XTMR #2
Standby #2
failure switch
Transmitter Receiver
*Hot standby is designed for equipment failure only
PRI
System System
Transmission Receiver
Facilities Facilities
Connect to Connect to
PRI interface PRI interface
& PSTN & PSTN
Transmitter Receiver
To PSTN To PSTN
Availability Formula