Tema : orixe da vida.

Experimento de Miller: hiptese qumica

The Modern Theory of Evolution

Or neo-Darwinism

Early Theories of Evolution: Lamark

The more an animal uses a particular part of its body , the stronger and better developed that part becomes. The characteristics developed can be passed on its offspring

Darwinvs Theory of Evolution

Darwin collected data on many species between the years 1831 and 1836 when he took part in a scientific expedition on board the ship Beagle Wallace had also the same ideas and published a a paper together at 1858 The origin os species (Darwin) was published in 1859

4 main points: Overproduction and variation Competition and adaptations Natural selection Speciation

Applying Darwinvs Theory

Darwinism today: Neodarwinism. The rate of Evolution

Genetics today explain the variations and how heredity passes offspring At present scientist do not agree on the rate at which species formation occurs: - slowly and continuously: gradualism - short periods of rapid evolution and long period of any changes: punctuated equilibrium

Genetics and Evolution

Modern biologists have combined Darwinvs basic theory and population biology Individuals do not evolve, their genes remains the same throughout their lives. However populations do evolve Evolution es the gradual change of the allele frequencies found in a population

Genetic sources of variation: how a gene pool can change?

Mutations Genetic recombination: crossing over between the paired chromosomes at meiosis Migration into or out of a population Genetic Drift: it is a change by change in the gene pool of a small population

Crossing-over:
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EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
STRUCTURAL ADAPTATIONS MIMICRY CAMOUFLAGE

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.php

http://science.howstuffworks.com/animal-camouflage2.htm

Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.

EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
STRUCTURAL ADAPTATIONS MIMICRY CAMOUFLAGE MILLIONS OF YEARS PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS CHANGE IN A METABOLIC PROCESS WHAT DO YOU HEAR ABOUT IN THE NEWS ABOUT SOME BACTERIA?

Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.php

WHAT OTHER INDUSTRIES WOULD BE WORRIED ABOUT RESISTANCE?

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OTHER EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION

FOSSILS ANATOMY HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.php

Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.

OTHER EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION

FOSSILS ANATOMY HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.php

Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.

OTHER EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION

FOSSILS ANATOMY HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE EMBRYOS

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.php

WHAT IS ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES?

Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.

OTHER EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION

FOSSILS ANATOMY HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE EMBRYOS BIOCHEMISTRY WHAT 2 THINGS?

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.php

Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.

Molecules reflect evolutionary divergence. You can see that the greater the evolutionary distance from humans (yellow cladogram), the greater the number of amino acid differences in the vertebrate hemoglobin polypeptide.

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A phylogenetic tree of living hominoids based on DNA-DNA hybridization data

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A phylogenetic tree
This tree shows the relationship between 20 species of eukaryotes. The numbers represent the minimum number of nucleotide substitutions in the gene for cytochrome c needed to produce these 20 proteins from a series of hypothetical ancestral genes at the various branching points (nodes). Cytochrome c is an ancient molecule, and it has evolved very slowly. Even after more than 2 billion years, onethird of its amino acids are unchanged. This conservatism is a great help in working out the evolutionary relationships between distantly-related creatures like fish and humans.

Types of Natural Selection (deer mice)

In a vivid illustration of natural selection at work, scientists at Harvard University have found that deer mice living in Nebraskas Sand Hills quickly evolved lighter coloration after glaciers deposited sand dunes atop what had been much darker soil. The work is described this week (Aug. 27) in the journal Science.

Directional selection:

individuals with

more extreme values for a trait have greater fitnessresult: directional change in the traite.g., Darwin's Finchesgo to: http://www.bio.georgiasouthern.edu/biohome/harvey/lect/lectures.html?flnm=nsln&ttl=Population%20change%2 0and%20natural%20selection&ccode=el&mda=scrn

Stabilizing selection:Most common (average) phenotype is

most stabilizing because it eliminates extremes example: human birth weight The graph is based on infants born in London from 1935 to 1946. From Karn and
Penrose (1951).

Disruptive (diversifying):
occurs when extreme individuals are more fit, it diversifies the population

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Sexual selection

Darwin realized that not all traits

could be explained by natural selectionsome traits enhance mating success, even at the expense of survivaldefinitionsexual selection favors traits that improve the mating success of the individualin most animals, operates most intensely among males

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Intrasexual selectionFavors traits that deal with conflict between individuals of the same sex

Intersexual selection (mate choice) Favors traits that enhance attractiveness to the opposite sexresult:ornaments (plumes, wattles, bright color, songs, symmetry, etc.) - apparently these "attractive" features are preferred by the opposite sex; why?

Speciation: allopatric & sympatric

Allopatric or Sympatric?

Is it likely that both populations would continue to evolve in the same way? Why or why not?Are they different species at this point?

And the consequence of speciation are well documented in the fossil record:

Convergent evolution: natural selection causes that unrelated species to resemble one another

Coevolution: 2 or more species can evolve in response to each other It reduces competetion
between species and benefits both species

An example of Antagonistic Coevolution is Papilio machaon caterpillar which lives on Ruta chalepensis plant. Rue plant produces etheric oils which repel plant-eating insects. The caterpillar developed resistance to these poisonous substances, thus reducing competition of other plant-eating insects.

Some good examples of natural selection:Deer mouse & peppered moth

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El experimento llevado a cabo por Luria y Delbrck (1943) sugiere que el fago T1 selecciona a las bacterias que ya son previamente resistentes y no induce su aparicin

Artificial Selection