Wavelet based ANN Approach for Fault Location on Transmission Line

SUBMITTED BY : REWATI RAMAN YADAV M. TECH (POWER SYSTEM) ROLL NO. 08/11

CONTENTS
y INTRODUCTION y POWER SYSTEM MODEL y SIMULATION AND APPLICATION OF ANN y SIMULATION RESULTS y CONCLUSION y REFERENCES

Distance protection is one of the most common methods used to protect transmission line. The main target of the technique is to calculate impedance at the fundamental frequency between the relay and the fault point. According to the calculated impedance, the fault is identified as internal or external to the protection zone. This impedance is calculated from the measured voltage and current signals at the relay location. In addition to the fundamental frequency, the signals usually contain some harmonics and dc component, which affect the accuracy of the phasor estimation. Recently, distance relays have experienced much improvement due to the adoption of digital relaying n Various intelligent techniques like artificial-neural-network (ANN) - based approach, expert system-based approach, fuzzy logic, fuzzy neural-network-based approach and wavelet based technique .The neuralnetwork-based approaches have been quite reported.

Fault location techniques of transmission line can be classified into two categories : (i) methods using data at two terminal and (ii) methods using data at one terminal of transmission line.

Fault location technique using single ended data is more attractive than the technique based on two terminals as it requires communication links and synchronized sampling equipment which not only increase the investment but also affect the accuracy of location results .

WHAT IS ANN ?
An artificial neural network is a mathematical model or computational model that is inspired by the structure and/or functional aspects of biological neural networks. A neural network consists of an interconnected group of artificial neurons and it processes information using a connectionist approach to computation. In most cases an ANN is an adaptive system that changes its structure based on external or internal information that flows through the network during the learning phase.

Fig : An simple artificial neural network An artificial neural network is an interconnected group of nodes, akin to the vast network neurons. The activity of each hidden unit is determined by the activities of the input units and the weights on the connections between the input and the hidden units.

POWER SYSTEM MODEL

The proposed fault location estimation approach is extensively tested on a 500 kV, 50 Hz transmission line of 300 kM length connected between two sources as shown in Fig.1. The parameters of the system under consideration are listed in Appendix-I and assumed the same network configuration as modelled .

SIMULATION AND APPLICATION OF ANN

In simulation studies, various numbers of test cases are created for different values of fault resistances varies from 10 to1000 Ohm for ground faults and for phase faults 1 and 10 Ohm, variation in distance from 1km to 299 km in steps of every 1km at a load angle ( ) of -15 degree. Next for analysis, a signal processing tool, Discrete Wavelet transform (DWT) is used as a feature extractor which gives distinguishable characteristic features about the fault signals in terms of Energy. Here the features extracted for the three phase post fault currents are taken as an input to the Neural network and target as the location of distance for each case in steps of 1km upto 299 kM using 13 level of wavelet decompositions.

Fig. 3. Structure of Neural Network

SIMULATION RESULTS
For simulation a permanent fault is made at 0.2 sec considering simulation time as 0.4 sec for sampling frequency of 12.5 kHz for each case. Each simulation of the program generates 299 data files of matrix 99x13=3887 data . Out of which 80 % of the data is fed to train the Neural Network and remaining 20 % for testing. Further, the task of estimation of fault locations are carried out, generated for a large number of different cases . Features of wavelet transform in terms of Energy data up to thirteen level wavelet decompositions for a few distances and for a few case of phase and ground faults are depicted in Table I, II, III and IV . The performance of the application of Neural Network is shown in Fig.4, 5, 6 & 7, which shows that the difference in actual and estimated fault locations are negligible.

CONCLUSION
In this topic an approach based on Neural Network using discrete wavelet transform is proposed to locate the fault on any point of the three phase transmission line. The different test cases are carried out on the basis of extensive simulation studies using MATLAB toolbox for different fault operating conditions. The proposed method requires to be measured the three phase fault currents (fault signals) at one end (sending end). In order to accomplish the task, features of the fault currents are extracted in terms of Wavelet Energy using Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) first and then 80 % of energy data so obtained are fed to train the feed forward Neural Network (FNN) for each case and remaining 20% for testing. The FNN estimates the location of the fault with a very high degree of accuracy which indicates a significant reduction in error compared to existing iterative fault location method as indicated and highlighted in Table V & VI. The value of fault resistance has been varied from 10 to 1000 for phase fault which covers most of the high resistance line to ground faults. While the faults which does not involves with ground is tested for 1 to 10 resistances. The percentage error is calculated and the obtained results are tabulated in Table VI. It is observed that the percentage error is very low in very much acceptable limits in all cases of ground and phase faults which is less than 1% .

REFERENCES
[1]. Sukumar M.Brahama,Iterative Fault Location Scheme for a Transmission Line Using Synchronized Phasor Measurements,International Journal of Emerging Electrical Power Systems, Published by The Berkeley Electronic Press, Vol. 8, Issue 6, Article 2, 2007. [2]. Francisco Martin, Jose A.Aguado, Wavelet-Based ANN Approach for Transmission Line Protection, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 18, No.4, October 2003. [3]. O.P. Malik, Application of Neural Network in Transmission Line Protection, IEEE 2007, 1-4244-1298-6 / 7. [4]. H.Osman and O.P.Malik, Protection of Parallel Transmission lines using Wavelet transform , IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 19, No.1, Jan. 2004. [5]. A.H.Osman,O.P.Malik, Transmission Line Distance Protection Based on Wavelet Transform, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 19, No.2, April 2004.