Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dr. B. Sengupta
Member Secretary
Central Pollution Control Board
Ministry of Environment & Forests New Delhi Email: bsg1951@yahoo.com, Website:http://cpcb.delhi.nic.in
Paper Presented at International Conference on Better Air Quality, 2004 held at Agra during December 6 8, 2004
Important Act
DEALING WITH AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN INDIA
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act , 1981 Environmental Act, 1986 Protection
Share of Suspended Particulate Matter Load (tonnes/day) by Different Categories of Industries (With Control Device), Total Load = 5365 tonnes/day
Share of Sulphur Dioxide Load (tonnes/day) by Different Categories of Industries (Total Load = 3715 tonnes/day)
Vishakhapatnam - Oil Refinery, Chemical, Steel Plants Howrah Durgapur Ankaleshwar - Foundry, Rerolling Mills, Vehicles - Chemical Industries, Power Plants, Steel Plants - Chemical Industries
Contd
02. 03.
- Power Plants, Refinery, Petrochemical, Fertilizer, S.S.I. Mangalore - Refinery, Petrochemical, Pesticides, S.S.I. Cuddalore - Chemical Units, Petrochemical, Pesticides
Air Polluting Industries for which Emission Standard Developed and Enforced by SPCB
S. No. 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10. INDUSTRY Aluminium Industries Asbestos Products Carbon Black Industries Calcium Carbide Plant Cement Industries Copper, Lead and Zinc Smelting Coal Mines Coal Washeries Glass Industries Integrated Iron & Steel STANDARD NOTIFIED GSR 742 (E), 30th August, 1990 GSR 913 (E), 24th October , 1989 S.O. 64 (E), 18th January, 1988 S.O. 64 (E), 18th January, 1988 S.O. 393 (3), 16th April, 1987 S.O. 64 (E), 18th January 1988 Evolved by CPCB GSR 7, 27th December, 1998 GSR 93 (E), 21st February, 1991 S.O. 64 (E), 18th January, 1988
Contd..
Air Polluting Industries for which Emission Standard Developed and Enforced by SPCB
S. No. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. INDUSTRY Nitric Acid Plants Oil Refineries Oil Drilling and Gas Extraction Industry Sulphuric Acid Plants STANDARD NOTIFIED S.O. 65 (E), 18th January 1988 GSR 742 (E), 30th August, 1990 GSR 176 (E) April, 1996 S.O. 64 (E), 18th January, 1988
Thermal Power Plant Coal Based S.O. 8 (E), 3rd January, 1983 Thermal Power Plant Gas Based Stand alone Coke Oven Plants GSR 7, 22nd December, 1998 -
Present Production
62,000 MW
% Reduction
97.52
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Percentage Share of Different Category of Vehicles in Nine Metro Cities in India 100
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 65.7 42 43.5 73.1 74.2 80.2 77.2 74 81.7 36 32.1 1.1 26 1.3 2.1 0.5 17.4 2.1 13.4 0.8 8.4 1.8 8.5 2 8.3 0.3 9.4
Bus Car 2W
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759
( 2000-2001)
Diesel Petrol
700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Delhi Mumbai Kolkata Chennai Bangalore Hyderabad Ahemdabad Pune 413 379 265 105 411 298 152 278 209 168 148 180 118
220 134
221 72
Kanpur
293
250
Annual Load ( TM T)
200
150
109 88 45
118
129
100
58 23
51
50
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na
al o
da b
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en
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Ko
Ch
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De
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100 80 60 40 20 0 16 54 44 31 12 29 71 73
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Ch
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A nnual L oad ( T M T ) 10 30 50 70 20 40 60 0
De lh i
63
M um ba i
20
Ko lk a ta
22
Ch en na i
17
Ba ng alo re Hy de ra ba d Ah em da ba np Pu d Ka
27 15 22
ur
6
ne
(2001)
17
Annual Load ( TM T) 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8
De lh i
14
M um ba i
6
Ko lk a ta
5
Ch en na i
4
Ba ng a lo re ba d ba Ka va np ra de ra da Hy Ah em
7 6
d
5
ur na si
(2001)
1.2
De lh i
6
M um ba i
8
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6
Ch en na Ba ng a lo re d
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24 20
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Epidemiological Study to find the Effect of Air Pollutants especially Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) and other carcinogens on Human Health in Delhi CNCI, Kolkata Study on Ambient Air Quality, Respiratory Symptoms and Lung Function of Children in Delhi CNCI, Kolkata Effects of Environmental Pollution on the Status of Human Health of Delhi Residents AIIMS, New Delhi Human Risk Assessment Studies in Asbestos Industries in India- ITRC, Lucknow The Environmental benefits Mapping and Analysis Program for International Applications (BenMAP International) Training and Demonstration in India USEPA
2.
3.
4.
5.
(Non-smokers)
53.9 46.1
Pattern of impairment
Health Impact
Method of Measurement Sensitive Area 15 g/m3 30 g/m3 15 g/m3 30 g/m3 70 g/m3 100 g/m3 50 g/m3 75 g/m3 0.50 g/m3 0.75 g/m3 1.0 mg/m3 2.0 mg/m3 Non dispersive Infrared Spectroscopy Respirable Particulate Matter Sampler AAS Method after sampling using EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper 1. Improved West and Gaeke Method 2. Ultraviolet Fluorescence 1. Jacob & Hochheiser modified (NaOHNaAsO2) Method 2. Gas Phase Chemiluminiscence High Volume Sampling (Average flow rate not less than 1.1m3/minute)
60 g/m3 80 g/m3 60 g/m3 80 g/m3 140 g/m3 200 g/m3 60 g/m3 100 g/m3 0.75 g/m3 1.0 g/m3 2.0 mg/m3 4.0 mg/m3 0.1 mg/m3 0.4 mg/m3
* Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval. ** 24 hourly/8 hourly values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days. NOTE 1. National Ambient Air Quality Standard : The levels of air quality necessary with an adequate margin of safety, to protect the public health, vegetation and property. 2. Whenever and wherever two consecutive values exceed the limit specified above for the respective category, it would be considered adequate reason to institute regular/continuous monitoring and further investigations. 3. The State Government / State Board shall notify the sensitive and other areas in the respective states within a period of six months from the date of notification of National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
Sensitive Areas
Sensitive area may include the following: 1) 10 kms all around the periphery of health resorts so notified by State Pollution Control Boards in consultation with department of public health of the concerned state. 10 kms all around the periphery of biosphere reserves, sanctities and national parks, so notified by Ministry of Environment and Forest or concerned states. 5 kms all around the periphery of an archeological monument declared to be of national importance or otherwise so notified A.S.I. in consultation with State Pollution Control Boards. Areas where some delicate or sensitive to air pollution crops/important to the agriculture/horticulture of that area are grown so notified by State Pollution Control Boards in consultation with department of agriculture/horticulture of concerned state. 5 kms around the periphery of centers of tourism and/or pilgrim due to their religious, historical, scenic or other attractions, so notified by department of tourism of the concerned state with State Pollution Control Boards. 2)
3)
4)
5)
Monitoring in Delhi 3 Continuous AQMS 2 Mobile Vans 6 Manual AQMS 6 Integrated Air Quality Monitoring Station being set up About 200 continuous stations maintained by large scale industries.
Specific Pollutants
Poly aromatic Hydrocarbons Benzene / Xylene / Toluene Ground level ozone (24 hourly, 8 hourly, 1 hourly)
Non-Attainment Areas
Exceedence Factor Observed Annual Mean Concentration of a Criterion Pollutant = ---------------------------------------------------------------Annual Standard for the Respective Pollutant and Area Class
Industrial M
2% 12% 37%
Residential C
-
H
3%
L
98 % 70% 2%
M
2% 25% 17%
H
5% 28%
C
53%
98 % 85 % 13 %
28% 22%
31%
46%
18%
2%
5%
17%
26%
52%
Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificate for all vehicles CNG - All commercial vehicles to operate on CNG in Delhi. Coal beneficiation/clean coal technology notification regarding use of beneficiated coal in T.P.P.
Pollution control in Taj Trapezium Zones (Natural gas to foundries, monitoring of air quality, etc.) Air Quality Monitoring at National Level (295 stations spread over 93 cities). Air Quality Index for public Information. Air Quality Data on TV channels and daily news papers for Public awareness.
Promotion of clean coal technologies such FBC and Supercritical boilers (reduction of GHG) for power generation.
100
82 33 0
70 26
50 0
N o . o f p lant s
21.5
1
C o mp li ance st at us ( %)
C ap acit y ( M W x 10 0 0 )
C o al co nsump t io n ( M T)
ash g ener at io n ( M T)
A sh ut i lisat io n ( %)
100 80 72 60 40 20 0
No. of c e m e nt pla nt s
Major Action Points: Aluminium Industry Revision of fluoride emission standard by Dec 2005 and 2010. Phasing out of wet scrubbing system for fluoride by Dec 2006. Allowing new potlines only with pre baked technology. Cement Industry Augmentation of existing pollution control devices. Plant located in critically polluted areas or urban areas to meet PM emission standard of 100mg/m3 Load based standard for Cement Kiln.
Major Action Points: Chlor- Alkali Industry Total mercury released to environment at 2gm/t of product by Dec2005 Switch over to membrane cell technology in a time bound manner. Copper Industry To meet SO2 emission limit (2kg/tonne of H2SO4 produced). 50 mg/Nm3 of acid mist by December 2005. Dyes & Dye intermediates Minimisation of loss of VOC ( Solvent recovery of at least 90%) Scrubbing system for SO2 & NOx emissions to be upgraded by July 2003
All upcoming urea plant to have urea prilling towers based on natural draft to minimize urea dust emission. The existing urea plants with forced draft prilling towers will have to install appropriate dust control system by June 2003. Sulphuric acid plants SCSA system to DCDA system by march 2004.
Oil refineries:
All refineries located in critically polluted areas to submit action plan for phase wise reduction of SO2 emission. Future refineries to have sulphur recovery units with minimum 99 % efficiency . New refineries to install low NOx burners.
Pesticide Industry: For air pollution control from process , scrubber efficiency to be more than 90%. Industry to adopt standard engineering practices for control of fugitive emissions. Hazardous waste Incinerators norms. Petro- Chemicals Industry Action Plan to be submitted for improving thermal efficiency 7 Control of NOx and handling of halogenated organics. Fugitive emissions of carcinogenic compounds to be controlled by
closed vapours collection & recovery system.
Pharmaceuticals Industry Control of hazardous air pollutants & odorous compounds by Dec 2004. Pulp & Paper Industry: Installation of odor control system within four yrs. Sugar Industry: To install ESP/ bag filter/ high efficiency scrubber to comply with standard of 150 mg/nm3.
Zinc Industry:
Meeting SO2 emission limit ( 2 kg/tonne of H2SO4 produced), 50 mg/nm3 of acid mist by Dec 2006.
CO
HC
NOx
(g/kwhr)
PM
(g/kwhr)
1991Norms 14 1996 Norms 11.2 India stage 2000 4.5 norms Bharat stage-II Bharat Stage-III Bharat Stage-IV 4.0 2.1 1.5
2005 48 0.05
2010 51 0.035
370 -
370 -
360 11
0.10
0.05
0.015
45 2.0
42 2.7
3.0
0.5
750
Performance checking system of catalytic converters and conversion kits already installed in vehicles
To be put in place by 1.4.2007.
Impact of Steps taken for Air Pollution Control on Ambient Air Quality
TI
Res. Areas
Concentration (g/m3)
D iesel S u lp h u r ( in % )
Delhi.
C o n c e n tra tio n ( g /m )
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Res. Areas
95
96
01
02
00
03
97
98
99
19
19
19
20
20
Chennai
20
19
19
20
19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03
Mumbai
Res. Areas NAAQS (Res. Areas)
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Kolkata
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Diesel Sulphur
1.2
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Res. Areas
19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03
Concentration (g/m )
Delhi
Concentration (g/m 3 )
Res. Areas
80 60 40 20 0
96
97
98
99
19
20
01
Chennai
20
19
19
19
19
20
20
02
03
95
00
19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03
Mumbai
Res. Areas
Kolkata
in Major Cities
150 Concentration (g/m3)
Res. Areas NAAQS (Res. Areas)
80
% Calm Conditions
60
40
20
Delhi
Mumbai
Res. Areas
3 Concentration (g/m )
140
Concentration (g/m3)
200
150
100
Chennai
Kolkata
Benzene Concentration in
Ambient Air of Delhi
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Residential Area Industrial Area Traffic Intersect ion
2000 40
2001 35
2002
2003
28 21 21 11
26
25
26 25 14
13
Annual average concentration of Benzo(a) Pyrene Levels in RSPM in 38.5 the Ambient air of Delhi
(Source: NEERI, Nagpur)
23.8 24.8 24 23.5
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Year
Concentration of PM2.5,
PM 10 TSPM
589 510
Concentration (g / m3)
292
300 200 100 0
299
307 153
322 229
149
128
135 46
137
February
March
Months
April
June
July
Others 49%
(Ca, Mg, Sl, Al, Fe, Na, Ti, Pb, Zn)
Chronology of Actions
1997: Industry
Relocation of 513 industries 337 hazardous category industries shifted (total of 1160 industries closed or relocated including hot mix plants, arc induction furnaces, brick kilns) Conti
1999: Transport
Registration of only EURO II 3-wheelers and diesel taxis Restricting the plying of goods vehicles during the day Diesel sulphur reduced to 0.25%
Conti
Delhi
Emission Norms Norms 1996 norms 1998 norms ( Cat-Con Norms) India Stage-I ( Euro-I) Bharat Stage-II ( Euro-II) Fuel Quality Quality 0.5% S diesel 0.25% S diesel 0.05% S diesel Unleaded petrol Low Smoke 2T oil Other measures CNG Vehicles Pre-mixed 2 T oil Phasing out of 15 year old vehicles 80,000 ( 2002) 1996 1998 year 1996 1999 2001/02 1998 1998 Year 1996 1998 1999 2000/01
94 75 66.7 63 67 60 59
3.
4. 5.
6.
Development of Air Quality Standards / Guidelines for Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP) Development of Low Cost ash removal technology from Coal and promotion of Clean Coal Technologies (IGCC, PFBC, etc.) Technology for reduction of Fluoride emission (primary & Secondary) from pot room of Aluminium Industries using Soderberg Technology. Development of NOx control Standard for Thermal Power Plants and Refineries. Prevention and control of Fugitive Emission in Cement Industry, development of good practice guidelines. Use of high calorific value Hazardous Waste including Petroleum Coke in Cement Kiln. Contd..
Low Cost Flue Gas Desulphurisation Technology for Thermal Power Plants. Technology Development of Fugitive Emission Control from Coke Oven Plants of Iron & Steel Industry (PLL,PLD). Detoxification and destruction of high COD waste of Pesticide Industry Guidelines for Incinerator. Development of Technology and Standard to control emission of VOC, Methyl Chloride, P2O5, HCl etc. from Pesticide Industry. Development of Odor Control Technology for Paper & Pulp industry and Standardization the method of odor measurement. Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC/CFBC) technology for Solid Fuel containing Higher Ash. Contd..
9.
10.
11.
12.
18. 19.
Indigenous Development of continuous monitoring system for PM, PM10,NOx, HC. Development of Technology for low cost Catalytic Converter. Technology for NOx / HC control from large Stationary Diesel Engine. Development of improved design of Incinerators for Hazardous Waste. Studies on Emission of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) from Engine using LPG,CNG,Low Sulphur Diesel, Low Sulphur Petrol etc. and development of Emission Factor for the same. Source Apportionment Study for Fine Particulate Matter (PM10, PM2.5) in major cities Technology for Mercury Emission Control from Thermal Power Plants. Contd..
Development of Methodology for measurement of hazardous Organic Compounds. Development of Calibration Laboratory for Calibration of Air Quality Analyzers in Regional Labs. Of NEERI/CPCB. Noise and Emission Control System for Small DG Sets (<200 KW) Development of Stack Height Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants and Industries using ventilation co-efficient of different regions in the country.
21.
22.
23.
4. 5. 6.
Major thrust should be given to control of Air Pollution from large number of Small Scale Air polluting industries. Development and Enforcement of Ambient Air Quality Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP). Development of Emissions Standard for Toxic Air Pollutants for Pesticides, Pharmaceutical and Dye & Dye Intermediate Industry. List of Critically Polluted areas to be reviewed and new areas like Cuddalore, Mangalore, Panipat etc to be included. Clean Coal Technologies to be promoted specially use of beneficiated coal for power generation. Air Pollution from coal based power plant specially SO2, NOx, Hg & F emission should be given priority as power generation is going to be increased from 120, 000 MW to 1,500,000 MW by 2050. Contd
10.
11. 12.
13.
NOx, CO & HC emission from small generating sets to be assessed and controlled. Inspection and Maintenance system for in use vehicles to be augmented. Source Apportionment Studies (SA) which has been initiated for 6 cities should be done for other cities where air quality is exceeded. Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Stations installed by industries (around 200 nos.) should be included in CPCB monitoring network after proper calibration of analysers. Regional Calibration Laboratories for Air Quality Monitoring instruments to be setup. Impact of Implementation of EURO III / Bharat Stage III emission and fuel quality norms on Air Environment to be assessed in terms of pollution load reduction. Fuel adulteration to be checked and periodic sampling of fuel samples to be sent to Independent Fuel testing laboratory.
Thank You