HSPA Systems

HSPA systems
Kari Aho Senior Research Scientist kari.aho@magister.fi
Disclaimer
Effort has been put to make these slides as correct as possible, however it is still suggested that reader confirms the latest information from official sources like 3GPP specs (http://www.3gpp.org/Specification-Numbering) Material represents the views and opinions of the author and not necessarily the views of their employers Use/reproduction of this material is forbidden without a permission from the author
2008 Magister Solutions Ltd
Readings related to the subject

General readings
WCDMA for UMTS H. Holma, A. Toskala HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS H. Holma, A. Toskala 3G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband - E. Dahlman, S. Parkvall, J. Skld and P. Beming,
Network planning oriented

Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS J. Laiho, A. Wacker, T. Novosad UMTS Radio Network Planning, Optimization and QoS Management For Practical Engineering Tasks J. Lempiinen, M. Manninen
Contents
Introduction HSDPA HSUPA Continuous Packet Connectivity I-HSPA Conclusions
Introduction
High Speed Packet Access (1/3)

There were number of pushing forces to improve the packet data capabilities of WCDMA even further, e.g.
Growing interest towards rich calls, mobile-TV and music streaming in the wireless domain Competitive technologies such as WIMAX

High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) evolution introduced first downlink counterpart of the evolution called High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) in Release 5 Uplink evolution followed later in Release 6 by the name of High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) HSPA was originally designed for non-real time traffic with high transmission rate requirements

HSPA features/properties include e.g.
Higher order modulation and coding
Higher throughput and peak data rates
In theory up to 5,8 Mbps in the uplink and 14 Mbps in the downlink without Multiple Inputs and Multiple Outputs (MIMO) Multiple Inputs and Multiple Outputs (MIMO)
Roughly speaking equals to additional transmitter and receiver antennas
Fast scheduling in the Node B

Possibility to take advantage of channel conditions with lower latency

Link adaptation in downlink
Possibility to adjust the used modulation and coding scheme according to be appropriate for current radio channel conditions
Improved retransmission capabilities

Newly introduced layer one retransmissions called as Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) => reduced delay Radio Link Control (RLC) level retransmissions still possible
Shorter frame sizes and thus Transmission Time Intervals (TTI)

With HSDPA 2ms and with HSUPA 10ms and 2ms
WCDMA Background and Evolution

3GPP Rel -99 12/99 3GPP Rel 4 03/01 3GPP Rel 5 (HSDPA) 03/02 3GPP Rel 6 (HSUPA) 2H/04 3GPP Rel 7 HSPA+ 06/07 Further Releases, (LTE)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Japan
Europe (precommercial)
Europe (commercial)
HSDPA (commercial)
HSUPA (commercial)
Questions
Why were the packet data capabilities of WCDMA improved even further? For what kind of services was HSPA originally designed?
10
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
11
Introduction to HSDPA (1/2)

In Release 99 there basically exists three different methods for downlink packet data operation
DCH, Forward Access Channel (FACH) and Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)
After the introduction of HSDPA in Release 5 some changes to downlink packet data operations occurred
New High Speed DSCH (HS-DSCH) channel was introduced DSCH was removed due to lack of interest for implementing it in practical networks
12
Introduction to HSDPA (2/2)

HSDPA Improvements for packet data performance both in terms of capacity and practical bit rates are based on
The use of link adaptation, Higher order modulation, Fast scheduling, Shorter frame size (or transmission time interval), and Physical layer retransmission
HSDPA does not support DCH features like fast power control or soft handover
13
HSDPA channels (1/2)

The Release 99 based DCH is the key part of the system despite the introduction of HSDPA
Release 5 HSDPA is always operated with the DCH
DCH with HSDPA

If the service is only for packet data, then at least the signaling radio bearer (SRB) is carried on the DCH In case the service is circuit-switched then the service always runs on the DCH With Release 6, signaling can also be carried without the DCH In Release 5, uplink user data always go on the DCH (when HSDPA is active)
14
HSDPA channels (2/2)

in Release 6 an alternative is provided by the Enhanced DCH (E-DCH) with the introduction of high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA)
User data is sent on High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) Control information is sent on High Speed Common Control Channel (HS-SCCH) HS-SCCH is sent two slot before HS-DSCH to inform the scheduled UE of the transport format of the incoming transmission on HS-DSCH
15
Questions
Mention at least purpose to which Rel99 DCH is used with HSDPA What kind of handovers are supported with HSDPA?
16
Link Adaptation (1/3)

UE informs the Node B regularly of its channel quality by CQI messages (Channel Quality Indicator)
17

Adaptive modulation and higher order modulation (16/64QAM) with HSDPA
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2
Instantaneous EsNo [dB]
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
16QAM3/4 16QAM2/4 QPSK3/4 QPSK2/4 QPSK1/4
T [number of TT ime Is]
Link adaptation adjusts the mode within few ms based on CQI
18

More complex modulation schemes require more energy per bit to be transmitted than simply going for transmission with multiple parallel code channels, thus HSUPA benefits more from using multiple codes as PC keeps the signal levels quite good anyway
19
Fast Retransmissions (1/3)

Rel 99 RNC Retransmisson Packet HSPA Packet
NodeB RLC ACK/NACK UE Layer 1 ACK/NACK

Radio Link Control (RLC) layer ACK/NACKs also possible with HSPA
Retransmisson
20

UE NodeB RNC
User data RLC MAC-d MAC-hs Layer1

(Re)transmission HARQ (N)ACK (Re)transmission RLC (N)ACK
21

Layer 1 signaling indicates the need of retransmission which leads to much faster round trip time that with Rel 99 Retransmission procedure with layer 1 retransmissions (HARQ) is done so that decoder does not get rid of the received symbols if the transmission fails but combines them with new transmissions Retransmissions can operate in two ways:
Identical retransmissions (soft/chase combining) Non-identical retransmissions (incremental redundancy)
22
Questions
What is CQI? What does link adaptation do? Which entity initiates RLC re-transmissions? Which entity initiates HARQ re-transmissions?
23
Downlink scheduling (1/5)

NodeB has certain amount of users connected to it and it needs to schedule the different users for transmission in different fractions of time (Transmission Time Intervals)
Certain fairness for scheduling time for each user should be maintained Resources should be utilized in optimal manor
There exists different ways that users can be scheduled in downlink, e.g.
Round Robin Proportional Fair
24

Round Robin (RR)
Simplest scheduling algorithms Assigns users in order i.e. handling all users without priority Positive sides
Easy to implement Each user gets served equally
Negative sides
No channel conditions are taken into account and thus resources might be wasted
25

Proportional Fair (PF)
Compromise-based scheduling algorithm Based upon maintaining a balance between two competing interests
Maximize network throughput i.e. users are served in good channel conditions Allowing all users at least a minimal level of service
26

PF assigning each users a scheduling priority that is inversely proportional to its anticipated resource consumption
High resource consumption => low priority
27

In general priority metric for certain user can be defined as follows
priority !
d , r
where instantaneous data rate, d, is obtained by consulting the link adaptation algorithm and average throughput, r, of the user is defined and/or updated as follows
(1 a) * rold a * d , if user is served , r! (1 a ) * rold , otherwise

where a is so called forgetting factor. Hence, a equals the equivalent averaging period in a number of TTIs for the exponential smoothing filter
1
28
Mobility with HSDPA (1/4)

Handovers are roughly tradeoff between two issues
When channel conditions are getting worse, handover to better cell should be made so that packets wont get lost due to poor channel conditions However, each time when the handover is made, transmission buffers in the Node B are flushed resulting to additional delays from RLC level retransmission or disruption of service
When regarding HSDPA, the user can be connected only to one serving HSDPA Node B at the time
Leading to hard handover when the handover between HSDPA Node Bs is required in contrary to DCH soft handover
29

Even though there is only one serving HS-DSCH cell, the associated DCH itself can be in soft(er) handover and maintain the active set as in Rel99
Node B, Serving HSDPA DCH DCH HS-SCCH UE DCH Node B, Part of DCH active set
DCH/HSDPA
30

HSDPA handover procedure includes following steps
Serving HS-DSCH cell change procedure is initiated when a link in (DCH) active set becomes higher in strength and stays stronger for certain period of time, referred as time-to-trigger If the condition mentioned above is met then the measurement report is sent from the UE to the Node B, which forwards it to the RNC If e.g. the admission control requirements are met the RNC can then give the consent for the UE to make the handover by sending so called Signaling Radio Bearer (SRB) (re)configuration message
31

In the case of intra Node B handover, the HARQ processes (transmissions) and Node B buffers can be maintained and thus there is only minimal interruption in data flow However, with inter Node B handover i.e. between Node Bs, the Node B packet buffers are flushed including all unfinished HARQ processes which are belonging to the UE that is handed off
32
Questions
How does Round Robin allocate resources for the users? How intra- and inter-Node B handovers differ from each other?
33
High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)
34
Introduction to HSUPA (1/2)

Roughly three years later when HSDPA was introduced uplink counterpart of the high speed packet access evolution was introduced in Release 6
In 3GPP original name was not HSUPA but Enhanced Dedicated Channel (E-DCH) The obvious choices for uplink evolution was to investigate the techniques used for HSDPA and, if possible, adopt them for the uplink as well
Improvements in HSUPA when compared to Rel99

Layer 1 Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) i.e. fast retransmissions Node B based scheduling
35
Introduction to HSUPA (2/2)

Easier multicode transmissions Shorter frame size, 10ms mandatory for all HSUPA capable devices and 2 ms as optional feature
HSUPA is not a standalone feature, but requires many of the basic features of the WCDMA Rel99
Cell selection and synchronization, random access, basic power control loop functions, basic mobility procedures (soft handover), etc.
36
HSUPA channels (1/4)

New uplink transport channel - Enhanced Dedicated Channel (E-DCH)
Supports key HSUPA features such as HARQ, fast scheduling etc. Unlike HS-DSCH (HSDPA) E-DCH is not a shared channel, but a dedicated channel (*) Similarly to DCH, E-DCH is also mapped to physical control and data channels
The user data is carried on the enhanced dedicated physical data channel (E-DPDCH) while new control information is on the EDPCCH
(*)Dedicated channel means that each UE has its own data path to the Node B that is continuous and independent from the DCHs and E-DCHs of other UEs
37

From the Release 99 DCH, the dedicated physical control channel (DPCCH) is unchanged and the need for the DPDCH depends on possible uplink services mapped to the DCH
DPCCH is used e.g. for fast power control
New channels for scheduling control

E-DCH absolute grant channel (E-AGCH) - absolute scheduling value E-DCH relative grant channel (E-RGCH) - relative step up/down scheduling commands
38

New channel for retransmission control, carries information in the downlink direction on whether a particular base station has received the uplink packet correctly or not
E-DCH HARQ indicator channel (E-HICH)
39

DPCCH NodeB E-DPCCH E-DPDCH E-RGGH E-AGCH E-HICH
UE
40
Questions
What new features on top of multicodes and shorter frame sizes do HSUPA offer? Is DCH part of the HSUPA?
41
Uplink scheduling (1/5)

With HSDPA all the cell power can be directed to a single user for a short period of time
Very high peak data rates achievable for certain UE and all the others can be left with a zero data rate However, in the next time instant another UE can be served and so on
With HSUPA HSDPA type of scheduling is not possible

HSUPA is a many-to-one scheduling The uplink transmission power resources are divided to separate devices (UEs) which can be used only for their purposes and not shared as with HSDPA
42

The shared resource of the uplink is the uplink noise rise(*), or the total received power seen in the Node B receiver
Typically, one UE is unable to consume that resource alone completely and it is very beneficial for the scheduler to know at each time instant how much of that resource each UE will consume and to try to maintain the interference level experienced close to the maximum
Thus, HSUPA scheduling could be referred as very fast DCH scheduling
(*)ratio between the total power received from all of the UEs at the base station and the thermal noise
43

Two different scheduling schemes are defined for HSUPA traffic
Scheduled transmissions controlled by Node B which might not guarantee high enough minimum bit rate. In addition each request requires time consuming signaling Non-scheduled transmissions (NST) controlled by radio network controller (RNC) which defines a minimum data rate at which the UE can transmit without any previous request. This reduces signaling overhead and consequently processing delays
44

Scheduled transmissions
The scheduler measures the noise level and decides whether
Additional traffic can be allocated Should some users have smaller data rates
The scheduler also monitors the uplink feedback

Transmitted on E-DPCCH in every TTI Referred as happy bits Tells which users could transmit at a higher data rate both from the buffer status and the transmission power availability point of view
45

Depending on possible user priorities given from the RNC, the scheduler chooses a particular user or users for data rate adjustment
The respective relative or absolute rate commands are then send on the E-RGCH or E-AGCH
UE in soft handover receives only relative hold/down commands from other than serving HSUPA Node B
46
Questions
What is the shared resource in the uplink if power is in the downlink? What kind of scheduling possibilities HSUPA offer?
47
Multicodes with HSUPA (1/2)

Even though Rel99 DCH supports in theory multicode transmissions in practice only E-DCH can support multicode transmissions and thus higher bitrates
In theory DCH can use 6xSF4 leading to 5.4 Mbps E-DCH can in practice support 2xSF2 + 2xSF4 leading to 5.4 Mbps
The reason why DCH does not support multicodes is that the DCH is controlled by RNC and thus DCH is rather slowly controllable
48
Multicodes with HSUPA (2/2)

If the UE could send with fully utilizing multicodes in some time instant this might not be the case later and UE might end up in power outage and thus wouldnt be able to use its allocation
With RNC control reallocation of resources is slow => resources wasted
Also, HSUPA with HARQ increases the possibility to operate with higher BLER target which leads to lower power requirement for corresponding data rate
49
Mobility with HSUPA (1/2)

HSUPA supports the soft(er) handover procedure similar to WCDMA Rel99 The HARQ operation in HSUPA soft handover situation is done in following manor
If any Node B part of the active set sends an ACK, then the information given to the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer is that an ACK has been received and the MAC layer will consider the transmission successful
50
Mobility with HSUPA (2/2)

Packet reordering RNC
NodeB Layer 1 ACK/NACK Data NodeB UE Layer 1 ACK/NACK
Correctly received packet
51
Questions
Why does not DCH support multicodes in practice? If UE is in a two-way soft handover how does the HARQ operate?
52
Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC)
53
Continuous Packet Connectivity (1/5)

Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC) was released in Release 7 Designed to improve the performance of delay critical small bit rate services like VoIP Eliminates the need for continuous transmission and reception when data is not exchanged. Can be categorized into three feature
UL discontinuous transmission DL discontinuous transmission HS-SCCH less for HSDPA VoIP
54

Benefits
Connected inactive HSPA users need less resources and create less interference => more users can be connected UE power savings => increased talk time (VoIP) UTRAN resources are saved
55

R99 DCH with 20-ms TTI (Rel99, CS voice) E-DCH with 10-ms TTI (Rel6, phase 1, VoIP)
12.2 kbps DCH 32 kbps E-DCH
160 kbps E-DCH
E-DCH with 2-ms TTI (Rel-6, phase 2, VoIP)

160 kbps E-DCH
Power offset
E-DCH with 2 ms TTI and UL DPCCH gating (Rel-7, VoIP)
PO
= DPDCH (DCH) / E-DPDCH (E-DCH) = DPCCH

56 2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

DL discontinuous transmission or Discontinuous Reception (DRx) cycles allow an idle UE to power off the radio receiver for a predefined period
Period after the UE wakes up again is called as DRx cycle When UE wakes up it listens predefined time for incoming transmissions and if it successfully decodes a new transmission during that time it starts timer for staying active certain period of time
No measurements done or data received
57

HS-SCCH-less HSDPA operation in downlink
Initial transmission of small (VoIP) packets can be sent without High Speed Secondary Control Channel (HS-SCCH) Eliminates the control channel overhead from small packets sent over HSDPA Retransmissions are sent with HS-SCCH pointing to the initial transmission
58
VoIP performance with and without CPC

In general major performance enhancements visible if circuit switched voice over WCDMA and VoIP over HSPA Rel 7 is compared
With Rel 99 CS voice capacity 60-70 users/cell With Rel 7 VoIP capacity goes beyond 120 users/cell
H. Holma, M. Kuusela, E. Malkamki, K. Ranta-aho, C. Tao: VoIP over HSPA with 3GPP Release 7, PIMRC, 2006.
59
Internet HSPA (I-HSPA)
60
I-HSPA (1/3)
Internet-HSPA (I-HSPA) aims to provide competitive mobile internet access with much more simpler network architecture than it is in normal WCDMA systems Deployable with existing WCDMA base stations Utilizes standard 3GPP terminals Simplified architecture brings many benefits such as
Cost-efficient broadband wireless access Improves the delay performance Transmission savings Enables flat rating for the end user Works anywhere (compared to WLAN or WIMAX)
61
I-HSPA (2/3)
NodeB / E-NodeB UE RNC SGSN GGSN
Internet / Intranet
I-HSPA
62
I-HSPA (3/3)
Release 99 ~200 ms
200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Today HSDPA HSDPA+HSUPA I-HSDPA+ I-HSUPA
63 2008 Magister Solutions Ltd
Round trip time of 32-Byte packet HSDPA <100 ms HSUPA ~50 ms I-HSPA ~25 ms
Internet Iu + core RNC Iub Node B AI UE
Conclusions
64
Conclusions (1/2)
High Speed Packet Access evolution for WCDMA was introduced in Release 5 and 6 for downlink and uplink, respectively HSPA offers much higher peak data rates, reaching in theory up to 14 Mbps in the downlink and 5,4 Mbps in the uplink, in addition to reduced delays Key technologies with HSPA are
Fast Layer 1 retransmissions i.e. HARQ Node B scheduling Shorter frame size (2ms in DL and 2/10ms UL) Higher order modulation and coding along with link adaptation in downlink Real support for multicodes in the uplink
65
Conclusions (2/2)
HSPA improved also the performance of delay critical low bit rate services like VoIP even though it was not originally designed for it Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC) enhancements introduced in Release 7 improved VoIP performance even more I-HSPA was introduced to provide competitive internet access solution
High data rates with low delay Reduced costs => flat rate could be possible
Femtocells were introduced to improve the mobile convergence and performance in small offices or at home, for instance
66
HSPA vs DCH (basic WCDMA)

Feature Variable spreading factor Multicode transmission Fast power control Soft handover Adaptive modulation BTS based scheduling Fast L1 HARQ DCH Yes
(No in practice)
HSUPA Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes
HSDPA No Yes No No
(associated DCH only)
Yes
Yes Yes No No No
Yes Yes Yes
67
HSPA Peak Data Rates

Downlink HSDPA Theoretical up to 14.4 Mbps Initial capability 1.8 3.6 Mbps
# of codes Modulation 5 codes 5 codes 10 codes 15 codes 15 codes QPSK 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM Max data rate 1.8 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 7.2 Mbps 10.1 Mbps 14.4 Mbps
Uplink HSUPA Theoretical up to 5.76 Mbps Initial capability 1.46 Mbps

# of codes 2 x SF4 2 x SF2 2 x SF2 2 x SF2 + 2 x SF4 TTI 2 ms 10 ms 10 ms 2 ms 2 ms Max data rate 1.46 Mbps 2.0 Mbps 2.9 Mbps 5.76 Mbps
68
Thank you!
kari.aho@magister.fi
69

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HSPA systems

Kari Aho Senior Research Scientist kari.aho@magister.fi

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

Readings related to the subject

 Network planning oriented

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

High Speed Packet Access (1/3)

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

High Speed Packet Access (2/3)

 Fast scheduling in the Node B

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

High Speed Packet Access (3/3)

 Improved retransmission capabilities

 Shorter frame sizes and thus Transmission Time Intervals (TTI)

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

WCDMA Background and Evolution

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

Introduction to HSDPA (1/2)

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

Introduction to HSDPA (2/2)

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

HSDPA channels (1/2)

 DCH with HSDPA

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

HSDPA channels (2/2)

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

Link Adaptation (1/3)

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

Link Adaptation (2/3)

Instantaneous EsNo [dB]

16QAM3/4 16QAM2/4 QPSK3/4 QPSK2/4 QPSK1/4

T [number of TT ime Is]

Link adaptation adjusts the mode within few ms based on CQI

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

Link Adaptation (3/3)

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

Fast Retransmissions (1/3)

NodeB RLC ACK/NACK UE Layer 1 ACK/NACK

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

Fast Retransmissions (2/3)

User data RLC MAC-d MAC-hs Layer1

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

Fast Retransmissions (3/3)

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

Downlink scheduling (1/5)

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

Downlink scheduling (2/5)

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

Downlink scheduling (3/5)

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

Downlink scheduling (4/5)

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

Downlink scheduling (5/5)

(1  a) * rold  a * d , if user is served , r! (1  a ) * rold , otherwise

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

Mobility with HSDPA (1/4)

2008 Magister Solutions Ltd

Network planning oriented

Fast scheduling in the Node B

Improved retransmission capabilities

Shorter frame sizes and thus Transmission Time Intervals (TTI)

DCH with HSDPA

(1 a) * rold a * d , if user is served , r! (1 a ) * rold , otherwise

Improvements in HSUPA when compared to Rel99

New channels for scheduling control

With HSUPA HSDPA type of scheduling is not possible

Thus, HSUPA scheduling could be referred as very fast DCH scheduling

The scheduler also monitors the uplink feedback