Basic XML - Concepts

Our goals

What is XML? XML Syntax Rules XML Elements Naming Rules XML Attributes XML Validation XML Related Technologies XML Quiz

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What is XML?

What is XML?

XML stands for EXtensible Markup Language XML is a markup language much like HTML XML was designed to describe data XML tags are not predefined. You must define your own tags XML is a W3C Recommendation (10. February 1998.)

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What is XML?

Usage of XML

XML is used to Exchange Data (widely used)

Data can be exchanged between incompatible systems. Information can be exchanged over the Internet.

XML Can be Used to Store Data

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XML Syntax Rules

XML Syntax Rules

The syntax rules of XML are very simple and very strict.

Example:
<?xml version="1.0" ?> <employee> <name>Arun Prakash</name> <id>12345</id> <age>28</age> <department> <name>EAI</name> <location>Tidel park</location> </department> <experience>8</experience> </employee>

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XML Syntax Rules

XML Document can have a XML declaration element

<?xml version="1.0" ?> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> Defines the XML version and the character encoding used in the document.

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XML Syntax Rules

XML Documents Must Have a Root Element

Example:
<?xml version="1.0" ?> <employee> <-- ROOT ELEMENT <name>Arun Prakash</name> <id>12345</id> <age>28</age> <department> <name>EAI</name> <location>Tidel park</location> </department> <experience>8</experience> </employee>

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XML Syntax Rules

Invalid XML without Root Element

<?xml version="1.0" ?> <name>Arun Prakash</name> <id>12345</id> <age>28</age> <department> <name>EAI</name> <location>Tidel park</location> </department> <experience>8</experience>

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XML Syntax Rules

XML Tags are Case Sensitive

<?xml version="1.0" ?> <employee> <name>Arun Prakash</name> <id>12345</id> <age>28</age> <Department> <-- note the closing tag <name>EAI</name> <location>Tidel park</location> </department> <experience>8</experience> </employee>

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XML Syntax Rules

XML Elements Must be Properly Nested

<?xml version="1.0" ?> <employee> <name>Arun Prakash</name> <id>12345</id> <age>28</age> <department> <name>EAI</name> <location>Tidel park</location> <experience>8 </department> </experience> </employee>

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XML Syntax Rules

All XML Elements Must Have a Closing Tag

<?xml version="1.0" ?> <employee> <name>Arun Prakash</name> <id>12345 <-- Illegal XML <age>28</age> <department> <name>EAI</name> <location>Tidel park</location> </department> <experience>8</experience> </employee>

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XML Syntax Rules

Comments in XML <!-- some comments -->

<?xml version="1.0" ?> <employee> <!-- name of the employee --> <name>Arun Prakash</name> <id>12345</id> <age>28</age> <!-- age of the employee --> <!-- provides details about employee department --> <department> <name>EAI</name> <location>Tidel park</location> </department> <experience>8</experience> </employee>

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XML Syntax Rules

With XML, the white space in your document is not truncated.

<?xml version="1.0" ?> <employee> <name>Arun Prakash</name> <id>12345</id> <age>28</age> <department> <name>EAI</name> <location>Tidel park </department> <experience>8</experience> </employee>

Chennai</location>

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XML Syntax Rules

XML Element can have Empty Value

Sample : <name></name> or <name/>

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XML Elements Naming Rules

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XML Elements Naming Rules

XML elements must follow these naming rules:

Names can contain letters, numbers, and other characters Names must not start with a number or punctuation character Names must not start with the letters xml (or XML, or Xml, etc) Names cannot contain spaces Names should not have semi colon (:) its reserved for something called namespace

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XML Elements Naming Rules

Some Examples:
XML Element Name <someName1234> Valid / Invalid Valid Comments

<1someName234> <some_Name-1234> <some name> <xMLSomeName> <some:name> <some_name_some_n ame_some>

Invalid Valid Invalid Invalid Invalid Valid

Should not start with number Some special characters are allows No spaces Should not start with word xml / XML / xML etc Semi colon not allowed No restriction on element length

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XML Attributes

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XML Attributes
<elementName attributeName=attributeValue>elementValue </elementName>

n number of attributes can be defined in a element Attribute values must always be enclosed in quotes, but either single or double quotes can be used. attributes cannot contain multiple values attributes name should not be repeated in the same element (Check)

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XML Attributes
Example:

<?xml version="1.0" ?> <employee id=12345 age=28> <name>Arun Prakash</name> <department name=EAI> <location>Tidel park</location> </department> <experience>8</experience> </employee>

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XML Validation

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XML Validation

Well Formed XML Documents

A "Well Formed" XML document has correct XML syntax. A "Well Formed" XML document is a document that conforms to the XML syntax rules:

XML documents must have a root element XML elements must have a closing tag XML tags are case sensitive XML elements must be properly nested XML attribute values must always be quoted XML attribute may appear more than once on the same start-tag. XML elements name follows the naming syntax rules

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XML Validation
Valid XML Documents : A "Valid" XML document also conforms to a XML definition (DTD / XML Schema) A "Valid" XML document is a "Well Formed" XML document, which is according to the XML structure defined in DTD or XML Schema (more about it later) the naming syntax rules

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XML Related Technologies

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XML Related Technologies

XHTML (Extensible HTML) is a stricter and cleaner version of HTML. XSL (Extensible Style Sheet Language) - XSL consists of three parts

XSLT (XSL Transformations)- a language for transforming XML documents XPath - a language for navigating in XML documents XSL-FO (Formatting Objects) - a language for formatting XML documents.

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XML Related Technologies

XSD (XML Schema) is an XML-based alternative to DTDs. DTD (Document Type Definition) is used to define the legal elements in an XML document. XQuery (XML Query Language) is designed to query XML data. SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is an XML-based protocol to let applications exchange information over HTTP.

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XML Related Technologies

WSDL (Web Services Description Language) is an XMLbased language for describing web services. XLink (XML Linking Language) is a language for creating hyperlinks in XML documents. XPointer (XML Pointer Language) allows the XLink hyperlinks to point to more specific parts in the XML document.

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Quiz

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Quiz
1. What does XML stand for?

eXtensible Markup Language X-Markup Language Example Markup Language Xtra Modern Link

Answer : eXtensible Markup Language

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Quiz
2. There is a way of describing XML data, how?

XML uses a description node to describe data XML uses a DTD to describe the data XML uses XSL to describe data

Answer :XML uses a DTD to describe the data

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Quiz
3. XML's goal is to replace HTML

False True

Answer : False

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Quiz
4. What is the correct syntax of the declaration which defines the XML version?

<?xml version="1.0" /> <xml version="1.0" /> <?xml version="1.0"?>

Answer : <?xml version="1.0"?>

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Quiz
5. What does DTD stand for?

Dynamic Type Definition Do The Dance Direct Type Definition Document Type Definition

Answer : Document Type Definition

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Quiz
6. Is this a "well formed" XML document?
<?xml version="1.0"?> <note> <to>Tove</to> <from>Jani</from> <heading>Reminder</heading> <body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body> </note>

Yes No

Answer : Yes

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Quiz
7. Is this a "well formed" XML document?
<?xml version="1.0"?> <to>Tove</to> <from>Jani</from> <heading>Reminder</heading> <body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>

Yes No

Answer : No

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Quiz
8. Which statement is true?

All the statements are true All XML elements must be lower case All XML documents must have a DTD All XML elements must be properly closed

Answer : All XML elements must be properly closed

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Quiz
9. Which statement is true?

All the statements are true XML elements must be properly nested XML tags are case sensitive XML documents must have a root tag

Answer: All the statements are true

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Quiz
10. XML preserves white spaces

False True

Answer : False

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Quiz
11. Is this a "well formed" XML document?
<?xml version="1.0"?> <note> <to age="29">Tove</to> <from>Jani</from> </note>

No Yes

Answer : Yes

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Quiz
12. Is this a "well formed" XML document?
<?xml version="1.0"?> <note> <to age=29>Tove</to> <from>Jani</from> </note>

Yes No

Answer : No

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Quiz
13. XML elements cannot be empty

True False

Answer : False

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Quiz
14. Which is not a correct name for an XML element?

<h1> <1dollar> All 3 names are incorrect <Note>

Answer : <1dollar>

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Quiz
15. Which is not a correct name for an XML element?

All 3 names are incorrect <first name> <age> <NAME>

Answer : <first name>

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Quiz
16. Which is not a correct name for an XML element?

All 3 names are incorrect <phone number> <7eleven> <xmldocument>

Answer : All 3 names are incorrect

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