A PRACTICAL TRAINING SEMINAR REPORT ON Solar Cell Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the 7th

semester curriculum of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Communication Engineering Submitted to: Submitted by: Prof. Dr. A. Williamson Suyog Mathur (HOD E&C) 07EYTEC097 Electronics & Communication Engineering YAGYAVALKYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY JAIPUR (RAJASTHAN).

COMPANY PROFILE
Rajasthan Electronics & Instruments Ltd. (REIL) has a prominent place amongst the electronics industry of Rajasthan. The company is a joint venture between the Government of India & the Government of Rajasthan, through their respective institutions. The company was conferred the status of a "MINI RATNA" by the Department of Public Enterprises, Ministry of Industry, Government of India in 1997 on account of it's good all-round performance and excellent products.

Board Of Directors
Chairman: Shri MM Bharadwaj Managing Director: Shri PM Bharadwaj Director: Ms. Urmila Rajoria Director: Mrs. Aparna Sahay Director: Shri Debasis Jana

Products of Reil
Reil has an area of business extends to manufacturing and marketing of electronic products/services in the following areas: Agro-Dairy Sector Solar photovoltaic sector Industrial Electronics Sector Information Technology

Solar Cell: The Ultimate Renewable Resource

Renewable Energy
Alternate sources of energy Solar Energy. Wind Emergy. Geothermal Energy. Microhydel. Fuel cells.

Why Solar Energy ?

Solar energy is the most readily available source of energy. It is free. It is also the most important of the nonconventional sources of energy because it is non-polluting.

What is a Solar Cell?

A structure that converts solar energy directly to DC electric energy.
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It supplies a voltage and a current to a resistive load (light, battery, motor). Power = Current x Voltage=Current2 x R= Voltage2/R

It is like a battery because it supplies DC power. It is not like a battery because the voltage supplied by the cell changes with changes in the resistance of the load.

Basic Physics of Solar Cells

Silicon (Si) is from group 4 of the period table. When many Si atoms are in close proximity, the energy states form bands of forbidden energy states. One of these bands is called the band gap(Eg) and the absorption of light in Si is a strong function of Eg.

Working principle of solar cell

The figure shows a typical crystalline solar cell. The electric current generated in the semiconductor is extracted by contacts to the front and rear of the cell. The top contact structure which must allow light to pass through is made in the form of widely spaced thin metal strips that supply current to larger bus bar.

Equivalent circuit and IV characterstic of solar cell

How much solar energy?

The surface receives about 47% of the total solar energy that reaches the Earth. Only this amount is usable.

Putting Solar Energy to Use: Heating Water

Two methods of heating water: passive (no moving parts) and active (pumps). In both, a flat-plate collector is used to absorb the suns energy to heat the water. The water circulates throughout the closed system due to convection currents. Tanks of hot water are used as storage.

Heating Living Spaces

Best design of a building is for it to act as a solar collector and storage unit. This is achieved through three elements: insulation, collection, and storage. Efficient heating starts with proper insulation on external walls, roof, and the floors. The doors, windows, and vents must be designed to minimize heat loss. Collection: south-facing windows and appropriate landscaping. Storage: Thermal massholds heat. Water= 62 BTU per cubic foot per degree F. Iron=54, Wood (oak) =29, Brick=25, concrete=22, and loose stone=20

Power Towers

Power tower in Barstow, California.

Direct Conversion into Electricity Photovoltaic cells are

capable of directly converting sunlight into electricity. A simple wafer of silicon with wires attached to the layers. Current is produced based on types of silicon (nand p-types) used for the layers. Each cell=0.5 volts. Battery needed as storage No moving parts do no wear out, but because they are exposed to the weather, their lifespan is about 20

Solar Panels in Use

Because of their current costs, only rural and other customers far away from power lines use solar panels because it is more cost effective than extending power lines. Note that utility companies are already purchasing, installing, and maintaining PV-home systems (Idaho Power Co.). Largest solar plant in US, sponsored by the DOE, served the Sacramento area, producing 2195 MWh of electric energy, making it cost competitive with fossil fuel

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages All chemical and radioactive polluting byproducts of the thermonuclear reactions remain behind on the sun, while only pure radiant energy reaches the Earth. Energy reaching the earth is incredible. By one calculation, 30 days of sunshine striking the Earth have the energy equivalent of the total of all the planets fossil fuels, both used and unused! Disadvantages Sun does not shine consistently. Solar energy is a diffuse source. To harness it, we must concentrate it into an amount and form that we can use, such as heat and electricity.

Final Thought
Argument that sun provides power only during the day is countered by the fact that 70% of energy demand is during daytime hours. At night, traditional methods can be used to generate the electricity. Goal is to decrease our dependence on fossil fuels. Currently, 75% of our electrical power is generated by coal-burning and nuclear power plants. Mitigates the effects of acid rain, carbon dioxide, and other impacts of burning coal and counters risks associated with nuclear energy.

Thank you for your patience

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