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Introduction to Investment and Securities

Chapter Objectives
To understand the concept of investment
To explain process of investment To learn about various types of securities

To analyze various sources of investment information

Investment
Investment is the employment of funds on assets to earn income or capital appreciation. The individual who makes an investment is known as the investor. In economic terms, investment is defined as the net addition made to

the capital stock of the country.

In financial terms, investment is defined as allocating money to assets with a view to gain profit over a period of time. Investments in economic and financial terms are inter-related where an individual's savings flow into the capital market as financial investment, which are further used as economic investment.

Speculation
Speculation means taking business risks with the anticipation of acquiring short term gain. It also involves the practice of buying and selling activities in order to profit from the price fluctuations.

An individual who undertakes the activity of speculation is known as speculator.

Difference between Investor and Speculator

Base Investor Speculator Has a very short planning horizon. His holding period may be few days to months. Time horizon Has a relatively longer planning horizon. His holding period is usually of one or more than one year. Risk return Decision Attaches greater significance to fundamental factors and carefully evaluates the performance of the company. Uses his own funds.

His risk is less./Moderate Return His risk is high/ High Return. Attaches greater significance to market behaviour and inside information. Uses borrowed funds along with his personal funds.

Funds

Gambling
Fundamental difference from speculation & Investment Quick Results Normally for fun not for income Highly Risky not based on any economic activity No surety of return

Why to Invest?
Longer Life Expectancy Increase Rate of Taxation High Interest rates High Rate of Inflation Large Income Availability of a complex no. of investment outlets

Investment Objectives
Return Income: The total income, the investor receives during his holding period.
End period value Purchase period value + Dividends Return = 100 Purchase period value

Risk: Variability in the return.

Liquidity: The ease with which the investment is converted cash.

Tax Shelter: It refers to the legal and regulatory protection to the investment.

Cont.
Hedge against inflation: The returns should be higher than the rate of inflation. Convenience: Ease on making investment and Maintaining it further Capital Appreciation Aggressive growth, Speculation, Periodic cash Receipts, Capital gains Safety and security of Fund/Stability of Income Concealability

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Portfolio Management Process

Specification of Investment Objectives/constraints: current

income, capital appreciation, safety of principal

Choice of the assets mix: risk tolerance and investment horizon of investors Formulation of portfolio strategy: active or passive Selection of Securities: fundamental & technical analysis, yield to maturity, credit rating tax shelter etc. Portfolio Execution: implementation of the portfolio plans Portfolio Revision: rebalancing of portfolio Performance Evaluation: periodic performance evaluation

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Investment Alternatives
Equity Preference Shares Debentures Bonds /Fixed Income Securities Money Market Instruments Non- Marketable Financial Assets Real estate Precious Objects Insurance Policies

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Securities

They are instruments which represent a claim over an asset or any future cash flows. Securities are classified on the basis of return and source of issue.
Fixed income securities

Return Variable income securities Issuers

Government Quasi-Government Public Sector Enterprises Corporates

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Types of Preference Stocks

There are different types of preference stocks, which are:
Cumulative preference shares
Non-cumulative preference shares Convertible preference shares Redeemable preference shares Irredeemable preference shares Cumulative convertible preference shares

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Equity Shares
Common stock or ordinary shares are most commonly known as equity shares. Stock is a set of shares put together in a bundle. A share is a portion of the share capital of a company divided into small units of equal value. The advantages of equity shares are:
Capital appreciation Limited liability Hedge against inflation

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Sweat Equity
It is a new equity instrument introduced in the Companies (Amendment) Ordinance, 1998. It forms a part of the equity share capital as its provisions, limitations and restrictions are same as that of equity shares.
Sweat Equity is for:
The directors or employees involved in the process of designing strategic alliances. The directors or employees who have helped the company to achieve a significant market share.

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Non-voting Shares
The shares that carry no voting rights are known as non-voting shares. They provide additional dividends in the place of voting rights. They can be listed and traded on the stock exchanges.

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Bonus Shares
Distribution of shares, in addition to the cash dividends, to the existing shareholders are known as bonus shares. These are issued without any payment for cash. These are issued by cashing on the reserves of the company. A company builds up its reserves by retaining part of its profit over the years.

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Preference Stock
Preference stock provides fixed rate of return. Preference stockholders do not have any voting rights. Like the equity, it is a perpetual liability of the corporate. Preference stockholders do not have any share in case the company has surplus profits.

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Debenture
It is a debt instrument issued by a company, which carries a fixed rate of interest. It is generally issued by private sector companies in order to acquire loan. The various features of a debenture are:

Interest

Redemption

Indenture

A company can issue various types of debentures, which are:

Secured or unsecured debenture Fully convertible debenture Partly convertible debenture Non-convertible debenture

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Bonds/Fixed Income Securities

Government Securities Saving bonds Private Sector debentures PSU bonds Preference shares

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Money Market Instruments

Treasury Bills
Certificates of deposits

Commercial papers Repos

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Non Marketable financial assets

Bank deposits Post Office time deposits Monthly Income schemes of the Post office Kisan Vikas Patra National Saving certificates Company Deposits Employees Provident fund scheme Public Provident fund Scheme

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Real Estate
Residential House/Flats Cooperative Group Housing Society Flats Commercial property Agricultural land Suburban land Time share in a Holiday resort

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Precious Objects
Gold & silver Precious stones/Gems Art Objects Endowment Policy Money back Plan Whole life Insurance Unit Linked plan Term Insurance Immediate Annuity Deferred Annuity

Insurance Policies

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Decision Process
Finance(Spending) decisions and Investment(Savings) decisions have encompassed the three major areas of spending in aggregate economy: GNP = C+I+G+F
GNP= Gross National Product C= spending by Individual for personal consumption I = Gross private domestic investment by business firms G = Governmental purchases F = Net Foreign spending

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Finance decisions: Sources of money

Quantum of money required Duration of Time for which money needed Cheapest source for obtaining the require sum of money

Investment decisions: Budgeting of money

Total money available to invest Allocation of money between current consumption & reinvestment Optimal rate of total investment Choice of specific asset to be purchased Proportion of total money to be invested in a particular asset Frequency of evaluation of the performance of the portfolio

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Optimal investment decisions can be made only after the source i.e. the cost of financing will be determined.
Vice versa, since the cost of financing depends upon the expected profit and risk of the project to be financed, total cost can be determined only after the investment decisions has been made. The investor reinforces his bargaining position by analysing the investment opportunities offered to him by Business finance Manager The power of selection or rejection forces the finance manager to offer only those opportunities that will meet their requirements of the mass of investors who make up market

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Approaches to investment Decision making

Fundamental approach: Based on Intrinsic
Value(undervalued & overvalued) Psychological approach: Optimistic/Pessimistic Academic approach: sophisticated methods of investigation(Market Price, Risk & Return) Electic approach: Combination of all three

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Investment decision Process

Basic standards & benchmarks Gauging the prevailing mood of investors and relative strengths of supply and demand forces Perceiving that market is not so well ordered Conduct of some Fundamental analysis to establish certain value anchors Applying technical analysis to assess the state of the market psychology Combine both the above analysis to determine which securities are of worth buying, worth holding, and worth disposing. Respecting the market price and should not showing excessive zeal in Beating the market Acceptance of the fact that the research for a higher level of return often necessitates the assumption of a higher level of risk.

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Common Errors in Investment Management

Inadequate comprehension of Risk & Return Vaguely formulated investment policy Naive Extrapolation of the past Cursory decision making Untimely entries & exits High Cost Over Diversification & Under diversification Wrong attitude towards losses & Profit

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Qualities for successful investing

Contrary thinking Patience Composure Flexibility & openness decisiveness

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The Investment Environment

Financial Market: Debt market, Equity Market, Capital Market, Money Market, Primary Market, Secondary market, Spot market, Future Market, Exchange traded market, Off the counter market(decentralized & customised) , etc.

Financial Instruments:
Creditorship securities, Public debt Instrument, Private debt instrument, Special debt instrument(PSU Bonds, Certificate of deposits), Ownership securities, Indirect Equities

Financial Intermediaries:
Expedite transfer from one owner to another

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Investment Information
An investor must have adequate knowledge about the investment alternatives and markets before making any kind of investment. The various sources from which an investor can gather the investment information are:
Newspapers, Investment dailies Magazines and Journals Industry Reports RBI Bulletin Websites of the SEBI, RBI and other private agencies Stock market information

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Questions
Discuss in detail the common errors in Investment management. What qualities are required for successful investment Discuss the attribute that one should consider while evaluating an investment Discuss briefly the key steps involved in Portfolio management process Describe briefly the following approaches to investment decision making:
Fundamental Psychological Academic Eclectic