gridFUTURE, a Concept

OSU Summer Workshop on Sustainable Energy

June 20, 2011
John M. Schneider, Dr. Eng.
ComplexEnergySolutionsllc@gmail.com Technology Consultant

gridFUTURE
A holistic vision of the future energy grid.
Primary electrical energy source through utilization. Well rooted in power systems knowledge, grid operational experience and a fundamental understanding of existing and emerging technologies.
Technologically achievable, but not commercially viable today.

gridFUTURE will never be achieved

Constantly evolves as technology, the economy and societal needs change.

Current Smart Grid efforts involve near term tactics, which will gradually evolve towards gridFUTURE, again and again and again...
Forward compatible (No Regrets Strategy)

Vision must precede strategy, which is achieved through tactics

U.S. 2009 Electrical Energy Source Profile

Energy Source Mix
45% Coal, 20% Nuclear, 23% Gas, 11% Renewable, 1% Oil

Total Generation
571 GW Utility, 424 GW Non-Utility, (995 GW Total)

Consumption
38% Residential, 37% Commercial, 25% Industrial
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Energy
Work - Apply a force through a distance. Energy - The ability to do work.
Many types:
Chemical Thermal Kinetic Electrical

Efficiency
Useable Energy Out
(Electricity)

Energy In
(Coal)

System
(Coal Power Plant)

Losses
(Heat)

%Efficiency = Usable Energy Out x 100% Energy In

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Coal-Fired Generation
Thermal Energy

Electrical Energy

Chemical Energy

Kinetic Energy
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Typical Efficiencies

% Efficiency
Coal Generation Fuel Cell Automobile 25-44% 30-75% 15-35%

Losses & Efficiency in Electric Generation & Delivery

Generation
65.5% loss
coal

Transmission
~ 4.8% loss
electricity

Distribution
~ 5.1% loss

End Use Utilization

~ 88% loss

electricity

electricity

100

~ 35

~ 33

~ 31

~4

Adapted from EPRI source image

U.S. 2009 Electricity Flow

(Quads, 1015 BTUs)

Coal 18.33

Conversion Losses 24.61

Residential 4.65 Nuclear 8.35 Commercial 4.51

Grid Net efficiency 31%!

Waste Heat
The 31% net efficiency of the U.S. electrical grid, implies that 69% of the primary energy consumed in the production, transmission and distribution of electricity is wasted primarily as heat rejected to the environment.
Remote location of central generation
Combined Heat and Power (CHP, Cogeneration)
Industrial colocation

Distributed Generation, locates many small generation sources closer to the electrical (and thermal) load
Space heating Water heating Absorption cooling

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Coal Combustion

H 2O

CO2

Heat

Usable Energy N2AirO2 & C

NOx

Acid Gas

H Ash O S

Ash

Particulates
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SOx

Greenhouse Gas

1970s Era Pulverized Coal Plant

Electrostatic Precipitators

Ash Disposal

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Pulverized Coal (PC) Unit Today

Ammonia from Urea

Electrostatic Precipitators

SCR (NOx)

Additional Process Water

Magnesium Hydroxide (SO3)

FGD (SO2)

Gypsum/Sludge Disposal

Trona, Lime, Ammonia or Other (SO3)

Low NOx Burners 13

Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)

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Sustainability
The optimal utilization of human, natural and man-made resources, in a safe and environmentally responsible manner, to enhance the lives of generations into the future.
Multi-dimensional
Environmental Primary energy sources Infrastructure O&M Financial Security & reliability of supply

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Grid Topology & Attributes

~

AEP Central Generation

1-1300 MW (38 GW total) Water source (10-100s mi from load) 80 Plants
Residential

66% coal, 6% Nuclear, 22% Gas, 6% Other

Heat lost to environment - No Cogeneration

Moderate level of Monitoring, Communications & Control (MCC)

~

Commercial

Net Efficiency of ~35%

NO/NC

Industrial

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Grid Topology & Attributes

~

AEP Transmission System

Residential

Self-protecting Commercial Supervised operation

69-765 kV 38,953 total mi. 10-150 mi. length Interconnected Grid Low/Moderate MCC
NO/NC

Industrial

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Grid Topology & Attributes

~

Residential

AEP Distribution System

12-35 kV 207,632 total mi. 1-40 mi. length
Commercial

Rural Distribution
OH Radial Low/No MCC
~

Manual operation

NO/NC

Industrial

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Grid Topology & Attributes

~

Residential

Commercial

AEP Business Confidential

OH Radial/Switched Loop UG Radial/Switched Loop/Multi-fed Little/No MCC

AEP Urban Distribution

NO/NC

Industrial

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Grid Topology & Attributes

~

Residential

UG Secondary Network

Commercial

Moderate MCC

Urban Distribution

NO/NC

Industrial

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Existing Grid
Generation: Large, Central, Remote (No ~ Cogeneration), Moderate MCC Transmission: Interconnected, Selfprotecting, Low/Moderate MCC (SCADA) Distribution: Extensive, Low/No MCC (Manual) Customer: No MCC (Limited exceptions)

Residential

Extensive infrastructure Moderate/No MCC No Cogeneration

Commercial

NO/NC

Industrial

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G,T&D Asset Base Loading Implications

Base load power system assets
Reduce variation in load level by reducing peaks and filling valleys of load variation.

Power system components are rated to meet the peak requirement of the load.
Less G,T&D Infrastructure Higher utilization of all grid assets

Most thermal power plants are optimized for peak load operation
More efficient generation

Reduced thermal cycling of grid components

Less thermal stress, less maintenance
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Something to think about

The Grid is designed to meet the peak power requirement, from the coal pile to the blow dryer.
3 kW Fuel Cell 9 kW Solar PV
Daily Load

or

Peak 8-10 kW

Distribution System

Average 3kW
Time

Energy Storage

Distributed storage and generation would enable would enable base-load grid independence. operation of grid assets.
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Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle

FCEV is an electric vehicle powered by the combination of a fuel cell and a battery.
Fuel Cell is an electrochemical energy converter: It converts the chemical energy in a fuel (natural gas) in the presence of an oxidant (oxygen in air) into electricity, heat & byproducts (H2O & CO2). Requires on-board fuel storage.

Mobile electrical/thermal/water generation source

Potential to power and heat homes, businesses and remote locations

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and think about

The engine kW-equivalent (~100 kW/auto) of two years of U.S. auto sales exceeds the countrys total installed electrical generating base (~995 GW).
Consider: AEP HQ building: Maximum load 5.4 MW AEP HQ Total Garage Capacity: 2087 cars Assuming a 50kW fuel cell car (FCEV), operated at a composite net capacity of 30%

AEP Garages Gen Capability 31 MWe + 39 MWt

e = 40% / t = 50%

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the Grid of the Future?

Storage Fuel Cell Industrial Solar Wind Residential

Commercial

Grid of the Future: Optimal integration of central & distributed assets.

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gridFUTURE General Assumptions

Central generation and transmission requirement is reduced Distributed Generation & Storage (utility & customer)
Massively deployed throughout system

Smart grid components and loads

Bidirectional communications Imbedded sensors, actuators & intelligence (massive redundancy)

RT rates/Net metering Redesigned grid

Engineered underground Increased interconnections DC distribution
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DC Distribution
Emergence of Electronic DC transformers, enables the possibility of DC Distribution
Virtually all electronic loads (TVs, DVD players, computers, electronic lighting, wireless telephones, sound systems) utilize DC internally Many major appliances (washers, dryers, refrigerators, air conditioners, furnaces) have variable speed drives which utilize DC. Modern industrial motors (on compressors, fans, conveyors, pumps) also use variable speed drives, and DC.
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DC Distribution Contd.
Existing methods of storing electrical energy involve DC directly (batteries, flow cells, supercapacitors, SMES) or conversion to DC (flywheels). Many emerging generation technologies produce DC directly (solar, fuel cells) or utilize DC internally (wind). Distribution losses are reduced. Superconductor losses are substantially reduced

Avoids the capital cost and losses of duplicative ACDC conversion Therefore, DC Distribution is technically viable and potentially preferred.
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gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control System Topology

~

Control Point Storage

Residential

Wind

Solar

Regional Aggregation/ Control

Commercial Fuel Cell

NO/NC

Monitoring & Optimization Center

Industrial

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gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control System Topology

Bottom of hierarchy: Dual paths proceed up the hierarchy through a series of control points:
Customers meter secondary distribution line distribution substation Regional Aggregation/Control Center Monitoring & Optimization Center Central plant control room generator bus plant substation transmission lines transmission substation Regional Aggregation/Control Center Monitoring & Optimization Center

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gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control System Topology

~

Control Point Storage

Residential

Wind

Solar

Regional Aggregation/ Control

Commercial Fuel Cell

NO/NC

Monitoring & Optimization Center

Industrial

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gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control System Topology

Middle of hierarchy resides in T&D substations, Regional Aggregation/Control Centers
Reconcile source with load Communicates regional system status into Central Monitoring and Optimization Center.

Top of hierarchy resides in Central Monitoring and Optimization Center.

Monitors overall system operations Enables longer term optimization & supervisory control Distributes protocol & software updates Shifts supply/demand decision away from remote generating plants towards customer.

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gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control System Topology

~

Control Point Storage

Residential

Wind

Solar

Regional Aggregation/ Control

Commercial Fuel Cell

NO/NC

Monitoring & Optimization Center

Industrial

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gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control System Attributes

Interfaces with smart loads & grid components. Aggregation & dispatch
Central, Distributed Generation & Storage Load (Load as a resource)

Autonomous Operation
Seamless separation/autonomous operation (reduced functionality)/reconnection

Self-healing
Automatically reconfigures topology & operating protocols in anticipation or result of system contingency

Grid Optimization
Both central & distributed assets in near real-time.
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gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control System Attributes

Progressively higher level information develops as it flows up the hierarchy. Timely control actions communicated throughout hierarchy as actionable information becomes available.
Decision making conducted at lowest level of hierarchy

Secure Prioritized communications

System protection Transient stability Dynamic stability Contingency planning Load management System optimization System status
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gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control System Components

Robust, redundant communications system overlays entire hierarchy Distributed intelligence throughout hierarchy
Self-aware AI systems

Broad array of sensors, actuators & intelligence integrated into traditional equipment throughout grid
Flexible platform Broadly adaptable Self-monitoring
Imbedded sensors, computation, communications and control
Massive redundancy (Compact & inexpensive)

Integrated protection, optimization, operational history, maintenance notification,...

Plug & play

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gridFUTURE Smart Components

Smart transformers, circuit breakers, generators,
Bi-directional communications Embedded sensors Voltage, current, temperature, moisture, vibrations,... On-board information archival Operating criteria Maintenance history Operational history Embedded intelligence Self-monitoring Self-diagnosis Self-initiates corrective actions
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Imc2, gridFUTUREs Key Enabler

Acronym for Intelligent monitoring communications and control. Advanced concept that will be realized in the grid of the future, and can be generally characterized as the underlying technologies, which will make the smart grid truly smart. Involves the broad integration of sensors, bi-directional communications, actuators and intelligence (computational capability) into components throughout the grid from the sources of generation and storage, through the transmission and distribution systems, into the meter and, ultimately, the customers loads. The embedded component intelligence will be controlled by an overarching, distributed, hierarchical control system responsible for coordinating everything from local component protection to overall grid optimization. Enables anticipatory/reactionary self-healing; plug-n-play; aggregation and dispatch; autonomous operation; situational awareness and learning; self-adaptation.
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Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle

PHEV is a hybrid vehicle that utilizes a rechargeable battery-powered electric motor (20-60 mi. range) and a conventional gasoline engine (long range). Recharges from wall outlet Operated for ~75/GGE, on batteries Centralizes emissions Base load grid (recharge during light load conditions, preferably at night) Load leveling (V2G), mobile energy storage.

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Zero Energy Buildings

Buildings with zero net annual energy use Utilize:
Own generation (solar, wind, fuel cells) Energy storage (electrical and thermal) High efficiency lighting, HVAC, appliances Advanced thermal insulation Energy management system Waste heat

Traditional grid serves as a back-up power source. 41

Sophisticated gridFUTURE Customer

High Demand Period Delay wash 2 hours? Please respond Yes or No

AMI

LG Electronics

FC

Adapted from EPRI source image

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gridFUTURE Residential Customer Apps

Telecommunications
Internet, videophone, cable TV

Electrical protection
Overload & Fault

Load management
Smart appliances, PHEV, storage Load coordination

Generation and storage management (Scenario 1)

PHEV, solar, fuel cell (FCEV), storage Uninterruptible, quality power Arbitrage into grid/neighborhood
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gridFUTURE Customer Scenario 1

Customers energy management system (CEMS) dispatches residences distributed generation (DG) and storage (DS) via preset protocol, which includes customer cost of electricity (CCOE), loads and real-time grid conditions.
6:00 am: Warm summer morning; CCOE Low; DG Idle; DS Float charging; CEMS Normal load 12:00 pm: Hot Summer Day; CCOE Low/Mid; DG Idle; DS Float charging; CEMS Reduce load 4:00 pm: Heading towards peak; CCOE Mid; DG Minimum generation; DS Float charging; CEMS Essential load 6:00 pm: At peak; CCOE High; DG Peak generation; DS Peak shaving; CEMS Essential load, arbitrage energy into grid. 7:36 pm: Primary outage from severe storms; CCOE Premium; DG Peak generation; DS Peak Discharge; CEMS Critical load, arbitrage energy to secondary customers. 10:43 pm: Primary restored; CCOE Low; DG Idle; DS Charging; CEMS Normal load
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gridFUTURE Residential Customer Apps

Home automation
Environmental control (occupant dependent)
Preset room temperature, light, sound, air quality,

Control smart electronics & appliances

Physical security Fire/CO/pathogen detection (Scenario 2) Continuous medical monitoring

Implants, diagnostic devices,
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gridFUTURE Customer Scenario 2

Customers home monitoring & automation system (HMAS) monitors home and controls household systems per the occupants pre-selected preferences and/or voice/electronic overrides.
Customer approaches home via driveway: HMAS recognizes car, opens garage door to permit entry. Customer exits car: HMAS recognizes customer, closes the garage door, grants entry into home and announces customer's arrival to occupants, as well as, occupants presence and location to customer. Customer enters the laundry room: Lights turn on, and the laundry equipment reminds him that a load of laundry awaits washing, which the customer responds to by granting verbal permission to wash and dry. Customer proceeds through the house, the HMAS locationally adjusts lighting, temperature, and audio/visual equipment per the customers preset preferences or voice commands. Suddenly, the HMAS alarms the customer to a dangerous level of carbon monoxide present in garage, instructs car to shutdown engine, secures laundry room external entry, and opens garage door, to enable fresh air entry
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gridFUTURE Residential Customer Apps

Home automation
Environmental control (occupant dependent)
Preset room temperature, light, sound, air quality,

Control smart electronics & appliances

Physical security Fire/CO/pathogen detection (Scenario 2) Continuous medical monitoring (Scenario 3)

Implants, diagnostic devices,
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gridFuture Customer Scenario 3

Customer with history of heart disease and lives alone has a communications enabled implanted heart monitor
2:17 am: Monitor detects impending heart attack, while customer sleeps unsuspectingly. CApS* dispatches emergency services and transmits EKG to hospital, where it is reviewed by cardiologist. 2:22 am: Emergency squad arrives at residence. CApS disables security system, grants emergency access, and directs squad to customers location. 2:35 am: Customer stabilized under cardiologist remote supervision. Placed in vehicle for transport to hospital. CApS secures residence, and notifies customers emergency contact of situation in progress. 2:39 am: Patient rushed into hospital emergency room, and begins to receive treatment. 3:19 am: Patient regains consciousness in presence of daughter, and is happy to be alive!
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* Customer Application System.

gridFUTURE Configuration Options

Customer controls operating protocol Default to enable plug & play Customer interview User interface
PC Blackberry/Cell phone Cable box/TV remote Wall display Voice
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Industrial Colocation
Colocation of electric power plants with complementary industries
Lower cost electricity Utilize
Waste streams
Heat Ash, scrubber sludge, CO2

Petrochemicals & synthetic fuels (IGCC) Biofuels (Biomass)

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Energy Utility of the FUTURE

Industrial Co-location
Heat, Chemicals & Byproducts Synfuels & Biofuels

IGCC- FC Hybrid, Biomass, Wind, Solar, Nuclear, Direct Carbon Fuel Cells Bulk Generation

Transmission & Distribution

Transmission Substation
Commercial

Imc2
Residential

Distribution Substation
Industrial

Gensets, Solar, Fuel Cells, Load Management, CHP

Gensets, Solar, Fuel Cells , Load Management, CHP Gensets, Fuel Cells, Load Management, CHP

Real-Time Optimization of Energy Production, Delivery & Utilization

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gridFUTURE Adoption Impediments

High capital cost
Immature stage of technical/commercial development
Emerging products Very limited infrastructure

Unknown reliability Unknown lifetime Fueling ...

Grid Competition
Ultimately, gridFUTURE technologies must compete directly with the existing grid on a customer cost of electricity basis (CCOE, $/kWh @ customers meter)
Capital cost O&M Environmental (Emissions & Carbon) Locational Value
T&D losses Reduced G, T&D infrastructure Reliability, security & constraint avoidance

gridFUTURE Implementation Status

Interfacing one-off components to grid
Disconnect under abnormal circumstances Currently achievable

Integrating components collectively into grid operation

Assist grid under abnormal circumstances Technically challenging

Optimizing integrated components

Ultimate challenge to the power industry

Dynamically balance supply AND demand

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Why?
Sustainability
Reduces centralized infrastructure (G, T&D) Improves reliability, security and asset utilization Increase overall efficiency
Higher base generation efficiency (=60%, fuel to electricity) Bypass T&D losses Enables combined heat and power (CHP) on a grand scale (adjacent to load)

Bypass grid constraints Imc2 enables grid optimization, autonomous operation & self-healing capabilities
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Exponential Times
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cL9Wu2kWwSY

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Technical Workforce of the Future

Well versed in first principles
Has natural curiosity and strives to develop true understanding

Appreciates multi-faceted nature of most problems

Well-rounded education, however able to plunge deeply into multiple areas

Able to think and do

Critical thinking skills Complex problem solving

Prepared for life long learning

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Technical Workforce of the Future Contd.

Innately creative
Able to think outside the box

Has a knowledge of the past and present, but a view to the future
Future studies

Superior written and verbal communication skills

If it cannot be effectively communicated, it will likely not gain support

Good people skills Understands own limitations

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Education is the Key

Need to better educate our educators, children, regulators, politicians, policy makers, manufacturers and the general public at large, to become more knowledeable energy consumers and stewards of our planet.
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John M. Schneider, Dr. Eng. ComplexEnergySolutionsllc@gmail.com

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