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Environmental Pollution Waste:Land Air, Water and

BY : ASHWITHA D SECTION
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Contents

Air Pollution Impacts Sources of Air Toxics Criteria Air Pollutants Trends in National Emissions of Criteria

10] Comparison of 1970 and 1999 Emissions [slide 11-12] Comparison of Growth in Population, VMT, GNP with Emissions [slide 13] Percent Change in Air Quality [slide 14] Number of People Living in Nonattainment Areas[slide 15]
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[slide 4] [slide 5-6] [slide 7-9] Pollutants [slide

Trends in Sulfur Dioxide Emissions [slides 16] Water Pollution [slides 17- 18] Sources of Point and Nonpoint Source Pollution [slide 19-22] Water Quality of Assessed Rivers, Lakes and Estuaries [slide 23] Pollutants and Sources Causing Impairments of Assessed Rivers, Lakes and Estuaries [slide 24] Toxic Release Inventory [slide 25-28] TRI data [slides 29-31] Industrial Waste [slides 32-33] Municipal Solid Waste [slide 34-35] Additional Resources [slide 36-37]

Air pollutant impacts


Greenhouse effect Ozone depletion acidification smog formation eutrophication human health ecosystem health

Criteria Air Pollutants


EPA uses six "criteria pollutants" as

indicators of air quality EPA established for each of them a maximum concentration above which adverse effects on human health may occur.

Criteria air pollutants


Nitrogen Dioxide: NO2
brownish gas irritates the respiratory system originates

from combustion (N2 in air is oxidized); NOx sum of NO, NO2, other oxides of N

Ozone: ground level O3


primary constituent of urban smog reaction of VOC + NOx in presence of heat +sun light

Carbon monoxide: CO
reduces bloods ability to carry O2 product of incomplete combustion

Lead: Pb
cause learning disabilities in children , toxic to

liver, kidney, blood forming organs tetraethyl lead anti knock agent in gasoline
leaded gasoline has been phased out

Particulate Matter: PM10 (PM 2.5)


respiratory disorders

Sulfur Dioxide: SO2


formed when fuel (coal, oil) containing S is

burned and metal smelting precursor to acid rain along with NOx

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Comparison of 1970 and 1999 Emissions

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Number of People Living in Counties with Air Quality Concentrations Above the Level of the NAAQS in 1999

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Water Pollution
Based on current water quality

standards, over 70 percent of our rivers, 68 percent of our estuaries and 60 percent of our lakes now meet legislatively mandated goals. Some of the risks include
pollutant runoff from agricultural lands stormwater flows from cities
About 40,000 times each year, sanitary sewers overflow and release raw sewage to streets and waterbodies.
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Water Pollution
seepage into ground water from

nonpoint sources the loss of habitats such as wetlands. we cannot always eat what we catch because fish flesh is contaminated by the remaining discharges and sources of toxic substances. Microbial contamination of drinking water still presents problems in many communities.
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Pollution Sources
Non-point sources are diffused

across a broad area and their contamination cannot be traced to a single discharge point.
Examples include runoff of excess

fertilizers, herbicides, and insecticides from agricultural lands and residential areas; oil, grease, and toxic chemicals from urban runoff and energy production; and sediment from improperly managed construction sites, crop and forest lands, and eroding stream banks.

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US EPA Toxic Release Inventory


Certain industrial facilities are

mandated to annually report to US EPA specified toxic chemicals


mandated under Emergency Planning &

Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) in 1986 and enacted under Superfund Amendments & Reauthorization Act in 1987 response to Bhopal (1984) and other accidents
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Who reports
Specified SIC (Standard Industrial

Classification) codes, Have 10 or more equivalent full-time employees, and Exceed established thresholds for any chemical on the TRI list
25,000 lb/yr if chemical is manufactured

and/or processed 10,000 lb/yr if chemical is otherwise used

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Limitations of TRI
1) TRI does not cover all toxic chemicals that have the potential to adversely affect human health or the environment. 2) TRI does not require reporting from many major sources of pollution releases. 3) TRI does not require companies to report the quantities of toxic chemicals used or the amounts that remain in products. 4) TRI does not provide information about the exposures people may experience as a consequence of chemical use.

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1998 TRI Data


On-site releases
6.9 billion pounds

Off-site releases
0.4 billion pounds

Transfers off-site for further waste

management
3.0 billion pounds

Total TRI chemicals in waste


30.5 billion pounds
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Industrial Waste
Industrial waste is process waste

associated with manufacturing.

This waste usually is not classified as either

municipal waste or hazardous waste by federal or state laws. Regulatory programs for managing industrial waste vary widely among state, tribal, and some local governments.

Each year, industrial facilities generate

and manage 7.6 billion tons of nonhazardous industrial waste in land application units.

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Municipal Solid Waste


EPA definition
includes wastes such as durable goods,

nondurable goods, containers and packaging, food scraps, yard trimmings, and miscellaneous inorganic wastes from residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial sources.
Examples of waste from these categories include appliances, automobile tires, newspapers, clothing, boxes, disposable tableware, office and classroom paper, wood pallets, and cafeteria wastes.
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