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PENSTOCK RESEVOIR
POWER HOUSE
DAM
TURBINE
GENERATOR
TRANSFORMER
Block Diagram of a hydro electric power plant
Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
Mechanical Energy
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Three Gorges
Itaip Guri Grand Coulee Sayano Shushenskaya
Robert-Bourassa
Churchill Falls Iron Gates
Canada
Canada Romania/Serbia
1981
1971 1970
5,616 MW
5,429 MW 2,280 MW 35 TW-hrs 11.3 TW-hrs
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Hydroelectricity, Wikipedia.org
Fourneyrons Turbine
Hydropower Design
Types of Dams
Head
Water must fall from a higher elevation to a lower one to release its stored energy. The difference between these elevations is called head.
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More than 100 MW 15 - 100 MW 1 - 15 MW Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW From 5kW up to 100 kW Usually provided power for a small community or rural industry in remote areas away from the grid. From a few hundred watts up to 5kW Remote areas away from the grid.
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Importance of Dams
running on fuel.
3.
Run of the river plant without poundage R-O-R with small poundage Storage type (reservoir plant)
multi purpose power + irrigation + flood control
4. Pump storage
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It does not store water It uses water as it comes Generation of power is done when water is available
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It increases the usefulness of Run-Off River plant by poundage Poundage permits storage of water during off period& use of this water during peak periods.
Its generating capacity is less dependent on rate of flow of water This type of plant is more reliable than that of run-off the river plant without poundage.
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A Storage( Reservoir) plant is that which has a reservoir of such size as to permit carrying over storage from wet season to the next dry season.
Water is stored behind the dam and is available to the plant with control as required.
Such type of plant has better capacity & can be used efficiently throughout the year.
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These plants are used when quantity of water available for generation of power is otherwise insufficient. There are two ponds a) Head water pond b) Tail water pond Water after passing through the turbine is stored in the tailrace pond from where it is pumped back to the head water pond. The pumping back from the tail race pond to the head water pond through the penstock to operate the turbine.
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Hydroelectric plant
Main Components 1. Dam 2. Hydro Mechanical Equipment 3. Intake Structure 4. Head Race Tunnel Or Open Channel 5. Penstocks 6. Main Inlet Valves 7. Pore House Including Turbines, Generators 8. Tailrace Tunnel
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DIVERSION STUCTURE
POWER INTAKE
POWER CHANNEL
FOREBAY PENSTOCK POWER HOUSE TAIL RACE POOL
Both the dam and barrage are barriers constructed across a river or natural water course for diverting water into a canal mainly for purposes of irrigation, water supply etc. or into a channel or a tunnel for generation of power. In case of a barrage, its entire length across the river i.e. between the banks is provided with gates having their bottom sill near the river bed level. Thus, the storage behind the barrage is solely created by the height of the gates. The dam on the other hand has spillway gates almost near its top level and the storage behind the dam is mainly due to the height of concrete structure and partially due to the gate height. In both the cases, however, the number and size of gates is adequate to pass the design flood during monsoons.
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Dams of Pakistan
List of Dams in Pakistan: Dohngi Dam Dhok Tallian Lake Dam Ghazi Barotha Dam Gomal Dam Hub Dam Karoonjhar Dam Khanpur Dam Kurram Tangi Dam Mangla Dam Mirani Dam Misriot Dam Rawal lake Dam Sabakzai Dam Shakidor Dam Simly Dam Tanaza Dam Tarbela Dam Warsak Dam
List of Barrages in Pakistan: Chashma Barrage Guddu Barrage Jinnah Barrage Kotri Barrage Littel Barrage Sukkur Barrage Taunsa Barrage U/C Dams Diamer-Bhasha Dam Gomal Zam Dam Hingol Dam Satpara Dam Approved Dams Kurram Tangi Dam
Munda Dam Naulang Dam Sanjwal Dam Proposed Dams Akhori Dam Kalabagh Dam Nai Gaj Dam Skardu Dam Sukleji Dam Winder Dam
Dams
Dams are structures built over rivers to stop the water flow and form a reservoir. The reservoir stores the water flowing down the river. This water is diverted to turbines in power stations. The dams collect water during the rainy season and stores it, thus allowing for a steady flow through the turbines throughout the year. Dams are also used for controlling floods and irrigation. The dams should be water-tight and should be able to withstand the pressure exerted by the water on it. There are different types of dams such as arch dams, gravity dams and buttress dams. The height of water in the dam is called head race.
Storage of water is utilized for following objectives: Water for domestic consumption For navigational facilities
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TYPES OF DAMS
Reservoir Force
Gravity Dams:
These dams are heavy and massive wall-like structures of concrete in which the whole weight acts vertically downwards
As the entire load is transmitted on the small area of foundation, such dams are constructed where rocks are competent and stable.
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Buttress Dam:
Buttress Dam
structural supports Buttress - a support that transmits a force from a roof or wall to another supporting structure
This type of structure can be considered even if the foundation rocks are little weaker
Arch Dams:
These type of dams are concrete or masonry dams which are curved or convex shape. Arch dams are built across narrow, deep river.
Earth Dams:
They are trapezoidal in shape Earth dams are constructed where the foundation or the underlying material or rocks are weak to support the masonry dam or where the suitable competent rocks are at greater depth. Earthen dams are relatively smaller in height and broad at the base They are mainly built with clay, sand and gravel, hence they are also known as Earth fill dam or Rock fill dam
Surge Tank
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Surge tanks are tanks connected to the water conductor system. It serves the purpose of reducing water hammering in pipes which can cause damage to pipes. It supplies the
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Surge Shaft
Penstock
SPILLWAY
A spillway as the name suggests could be called as a way for spilling of water from dams. It is used to provide for the release of flood water from a dam. It is used to prevent over toping of the dams which could result in damage or failure of dams. Spillways could be controlled type or uncontrolled type. The uncontrolled types start releasing water upon water rising above a particular level. But in case of the controlled type, regulation of flow is possible.
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PENSTOCK
Penstocks are pipes which carry water from the reservoir to the turbines inside power station. They are usually made of steel and are equipped with gate systems.Water under high pressure flows through the penstock. A tunnel serves the same purpose as a penstock. It is used when an obstruction is present between the dam and power station such as a mountain.
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Hydraulic Turbine
Hydraulic turbine convert hydraulic energy of water into mechanical energy which is further converted into electrical energy. This energy obtained is known as HydroElectric Power, which is one of the cheapest form of energy generation.
Reaction Turbines
Derive power from pressure drop across turbine Totally immersed in water Angular & linear motion converted to shaft power Propeller, Francis, and Kaplan turbines
Impulse Turbines
Convert kinetic energy of water jet hitting buckets No pressure drop across turbines Pelton turbines
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HYDRAULIC TURBINE
(BASED ON FLOW)
AXIAL MIXED TANGENTIAL FLOW (RADIAL + AXIAL FLOW FRANCIS PELTON
KAPLAN
KAPLAN
220-1000
75-3
SPECIFIC SPEED
Specific speed is defined as the speed in revolutions per minute at which a turbine would run at the best efficiency for full guidevane/nozzle opening under a head of one unit and its dimensions
COMPARISON
IMPULSE
-high head -low discharge works at atm pressurewater strikes at few buckets at a time -needs larger space for equal p & h
REACTION
-medium and low head -medium & high discharge -works below atm -all blades works simultaneously
EFFICIENCY OF TURBINE
Kaplan Francis Pelton 93% 94% 92%
1.EFFECTIVE COMPARISION
Assumption: H =100 m
Shaft speed (rpm) 62.5 200 333
P = 100 MW
Runner diameter (m) 6.5 3.3 3.4
TURBINE TYPE
Francis Turbine
It was designed by an American scientist James Francis. If the water flows radially through the runner , from outwards to inwards then it is known as an inward radial flow turbine. Francis turbine is a reaction turbine as the energy available at the inlet of the turbine is a combination of kinetic and pressure energy.
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Spiral C
Stay
FRANCIS RUNNER
Runner
AGUSPHILIPINES
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Kaplan turbine
Kaplan Turbine Kaplan turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine.The water flows through the runner of the turbine in an axial direction and the energy at the inlet of the turbine is the sum of kinetic and pressure energy . In an axial flow reaction turbine the shaft is vertical. The lower end of the shaft is larger and is known as hub or boss. It is on this hub that the vanes are attached. If the vanes are adjustable then it is known as kaplan Turbine and if the vanes are non adjustable then it is known as Propeller Turbine. Kaplan turbine is best suited where large quantity of low head water is available.
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Splitter
Shaft
Pelton Turbine
In a Pelton wheel or Pelton Turbine,water strikes the vanes along the tangent of the Runner and the energy available at the inlet of the turbine is only kinetic energy, therefore it is a tangential flow Impulse Turbine. This Turbine is used for high head.
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Efficiency = (electrical power delivered to the busbar) (potential energy of head water) Frictional drag and turbulence of flow Friction and magnetic losses in turbine & generator
Hydropower Calculations
P g Q H P 10 Q H
P = power in kilowatts (kW) g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2) = turbo-generator efficiency (0<n<1) Q = quantity of water flowing (m3/sec) H = effective head (m)
Economics of Hydropower
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Environmental Impacts
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Ecological Impacts
Loss of forests, wildlife habitat, species Degradation of upstream catchment areas due to inundation of reservoir area
Rotting vegetation also emits greenhouse gases Loss of aquatic biodiversity, fisheries, other downstream services Cumulative impacts on water quality, natural flooding
Increase evaporative losses Altering river flows and natural flooding cycles Sedimentation/silting Aquatic ecology, fish, plants, mammals Mercury, nitrates, oxygen Bacterial and viral infections
Impacts on biodiversity
Tropics