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Hydropower

PENSTOCK RESEVOIR

POWER HOUSE

DAM

TURBINE

GENERATOR

TRANSFORMER
Block Diagram of a hydro electric power plant

Energy Transformation Chain

Potential Energy

Electrical Energy Electricity

Kinetic Energy

Mechanical Energy
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Worlds Largest Dams


Name Country China Brazil/Paraguay Venezuela United States Russia Year 2009 1983 1986 1942/80 1983 Max Generation 18,200 MW 12,600 MW 10,200 MW 6,809 MW 6,400 MW 93.4 TW-hrs 46 TW-hrs 22.6 TW-hrs Annual Production

Three Gorges
Itaip Guri Grand Coulee Sayano Shushenskaya

Robert-Bourassa
Churchill Falls Iron Gates

Canada
Canada Romania/Serbia

1981
1971 1970

5,616 MW
5,429 MW 2,280 MW 35 TW-hrs 11.3 TW-hrs

Ranked by maximum power.

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Hydroelectricity, Wikipedia.org

History of Hydro Power

Early Irrigation Waterwheel

Early Roman Water Mill

Fourneyrons Turbine

Hydropower Design

Types of Dams

Head

Water must fall from a higher elevation to a lower one to release its stored energy. The difference between these elevations is called head.

Base on head available

high-head (800 or more feet) medium-head (100 to 800 feet)


low-head (less than 100 feet)

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Types Based upon Power Produced


Large-hydro Electric Power Plant

More than 100 MW 15 - 100 MW 1 - 15 MW Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW From 5kW up to 100 kW Usually provided power for a small community or rural industry in remote areas away from the grid. From a few hundred watts up to 5kW Remote areas away from the grid.
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Medium-hydro Electric Power Plant

Small-hydro Electric Power Plant

Mini-hydro Electric Power Plant

Micro-hydro Electric Power Plant


Pico-hydro Electric Power Plant


Importance of Dams

Start easily and quickly (5-8 mints)


Save millions of barrels of oil as compared to power plant

running on fuel.

Navigation system Agriculture Overcome Flooding Electricity


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Classification of Hydroelectric Plants


The Classification is based upon a)Quantity of Water Available b)Available head c) Nature of load a)Quantity of Water Available
1. 2.

3.

Run of the river plant without poundage R-O-R with small poundage Storage type (reservoir plant)
multi purpose power + irrigation + flood control

4. Pump storage
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Run-off the river plant without poundage


It does not store water It uses water as it comes Generation of power is done when water is available

Its generating capacity is dependent on rate of flow of


water.

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R-O-R WITH SMALL PONDAGE


It increases the usefulness of Run-Off River plant by poundage Poundage permits storage of water during off period& use of this water during peak periods.

Its generating capacity is less dependent on rate of flow of water This type of plant is more reliable than that of run-off the river plant without poundage.

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STORAGE TYPE (Reservoir Plant)

A Storage( Reservoir) plant is that which has a reservoir of such size as to permit carrying over storage from wet season to the next dry season.

Water is stored behind the dam and is available to the plant with control as required.

Such type of plant has better capacity & can be used efficiently throughout the year.
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Pumped Storage Plant


These plants are used when quantity of water available for generation of power is otherwise insufficient. There are two ponds a) Head water pond b) Tail water pond Water after passing through the turbine is stored in the tailrace pond from where it is pumped back to the head water pond. The pumping back from the tail race pond to the head water pond through the penstock to operate the turbine.

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Hydroelectric plant
Main Components 1. Dam 2. Hydro Mechanical Equipment 3. Intake Structure 4. Head Race Tunnel Or Open Channel 5. Penstocks 6. Main Inlet Valves 7. Pore House Including Turbines, Generators 8. Tailrace Tunnel
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DIVERSION STUCTURE

POWER INTAKE

POWER CHANNEL
FOREBAY PENSTOCK POWER HOUSE TAIL RACE POOL

POWER CHANNEL DEVELOPMENT


FIGURE-1

Dam & Barrage

Both the dam and barrage are barriers constructed across a river or natural water course for diverting water into a canal mainly for purposes of irrigation, water supply etc. or into a channel or a tunnel for generation of power. In case of a barrage, its entire length across the river i.e. between the banks is provided with gates having their bottom sill near the river bed level. Thus, the storage behind the barrage is solely created by the height of the gates. The dam on the other hand has spillway gates almost near its top level and the storage behind the dam is mainly due to the height of concrete structure and partially due to the gate height. In both the cases, however, the number and size of gates is adequate to pass the design flood during monsoons.

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Dams of Pakistan

List of Dams in Pakistan: Dohngi Dam Dhok Tallian Lake Dam Ghazi Barotha Dam Gomal Dam Hub Dam Karoonjhar Dam Khanpur Dam Kurram Tangi Dam Mangla Dam Mirani Dam Misriot Dam Rawal lake Dam Sabakzai Dam Shakidor Dam Simly Dam Tanaza Dam Tarbela Dam Warsak Dam

List of Barrages in Pakistan: Chashma Barrage Guddu Barrage Jinnah Barrage Kotri Barrage Littel Barrage Sukkur Barrage Taunsa Barrage U/C Dams Diamer-Bhasha Dam Gomal Zam Dam Hingol Dam Satpara Dam Approved Dams Kurram Tangi Dam

Munda Dam Naulang Dam Sanjwal Dam Proposed Dams Akhori Dam Kalabagh Dam Nai Gaj Dam Skardu Dam Sukleji Dam Winder Dam

Dams
Dams are structures built over rivers to stop the water flow and form a reservoir. The reservoir stores the water flowing down the river. This water is diverted to turbines in power stations. The dams collect water during the rainy season and stores it, thus allowing for a steady flow through the turbines throughout the year. Dams are also used for controlling floods and irrigation. The dams should be water-tight and should be able to withstand the pressure exerted by the water on it. There are different types of dams such as arch dams, gravity dams and buttress dams. The height of water in the dam is called head race.
Storage of water is utilized for following objectives: Water for domestic consumption For navigational facilities
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TYPES OF DAMS
Reservoir Force

Gravity Dams:

These dams are heavy and massive wall-like structures of concrete in which the whole weight acts vertically downwards

As the entire load is transmitted on the small area of foundation, such dams are constructed where rocks are competent and stable.

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Buttress Dam:

Buttress Dam
structural supports Buttress - a support that transmits a force from a roof or wall to another supporting structure

Is a gravity dam reinforced by

This type of structure can be considered even if the foundation rocks are little weaker

Arch Dams:

These type of dams are concrete or masonry dams which are curved or convex shape. Arch dams are built across narrow, deep river.

Earth Dams:

They are trapezoidal in shape Earth dams are constructed where the foundation or the underlying material or rocks are weak to support the masonry dam or where the suitable competent rocks are at greater depth. Earthen dams are relatively smaller in height and broad at the base They are mainly built with clay, sand and gravel, hence they are also known as Earth fill dam or Rock fill dam

Surge Tank

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FUNCTIONS OF SURGE TANK

Surge tanks are tanks connected to the water conductor system. It serves the purpose of reducing water hammering in pipes which can cause damage to pipes. It supplies the

collected water thereby regulating water flow and pressure


inside the penstock.

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Image of Surge Tank

Surge Tank Surge Tank

Surge Shaft

Penstock

SPILLWAY

A spillway as the name suggests could be called as a way for spilling of water from dams. It is used to provide for the release of flood water from a dam. It is used to prevent over toping of the dams which could result in damage or failure of dams. Spillways could be controlled type or uncontrolled type. The uncontrolled types start releasing water upon water rising above a particular level. But in case of the controlled type, regulation of flow is possible.
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PENSTOCK

Penstocks are pipes which carry water from the reservoir to the turbines inside power station. They are usually made of steel and are equipped with gate systems.Water under high pressure flows through the penstock. A tunnel serves the same purpose as a penstock. It is used when an obstruction is present between the dam and power station such as a mountain.
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Hydraulic Turbine

Hydraulic turbine convert hydraulic energy of water into mechanical energy which is further converted into electrical energy. This energy obtained is known as HydroElectric Power, which is one of the cheapest form of energy generation.

Classification of Hydro Turbines

Reaction Turbines
Derive power from pressure drop across turbine Totally immersed in water Angular & linear motion converted to shaft power Propeller, Francis, and Kaplan turbines

Impulse Turbines
Convert kinetic energy of water jet hitting buckets No pressure drop across turbines Pelton turbines

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37 "Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com

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HYDRAULIC TURBINE
(BASED ON FLOW)
AXIAL MIXED TANGENTIAL FLOW (RADIAL + AXIAL FLOW FRANCIS PELTON

KAPLAN

OPERATING RANGE OF TURBINES

TURBINE TYPE PELTON FRANCIS

SPECIFIC SPEED (m-kW) 10-60 60-400

HEAD (m) 2000-400 650-30

KAPLAN

220-1000

75-3

SPECIFIC SPEED
Specific speed is defined as the speed in revolutions per minute at which a turbine would run at the best efficiency for full guidevane/nozzle opening under a head of one unit and its dimensions

have been adjusted to produce unit power output.


Mathematical expression, NS= N * (P1/2/H5/4) Where, N= Shaft speed in rpm, H= Rated head in m, P= Rated output on kW

COMPARISON

IMPULSE
-high head -low discharge works at atm pressurewater strikes at few buckets at a time -needs larger space for equal p & h

REACTION
-medium and low head -medium & high discharge -works below atm -all blades works simultaneously

-smaller space req

EFFICIENCY OF TURBINE
Kaplan Francis Pelton 93% 94% 92%

1.EFFECTIVE COMPARISION
Assumption: H =100 m
Shaft speed (rpm) 62.5 200 333

P = 100 MW
Runner diameter (m) 6.5 3.3 3.4

TURBINE TYPE

PELTON FRANCIS KAPLAN

Francis Turbine

It was designed by an American scientist James Francis. If the water flows radially through the runner , from outwards to inwards then it is known as an inward radial flow turbine. Francis turbine is a reaction turbine as the energy available at the inlet of the turbine is a combination of kinetic and pressure energy.

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Spiral C

Stay

FRANCIS RUNNER

Runner

AGUSPHILIPINES

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Kaplan turbine

Kaplan Turbine Kaplan turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine.The water flows through the runner of the turbine in an axial direction and the energy at the inlet of the turbine is the sum of kinetic and pressure energy . In an axial flow reaction turbine the shaft is vertical. The lower end of the shaft is larger and is known as hub or boss. It is on this hub that the vanes are attached. If the vanes are adjustable then it is known as kaplan Turbine and if the vanes are non adjustable then it is known as Propeller Turbine. Kaplan turbine is best suited where large quantity of low head water is available.
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X-SECTION THROUGH KAPLAN TURBINE

Runner of a PELTON TURBINE


Buckets or Vanes

Splitter

Shaft

Pelton Turbine
In a Pelton wheel or Pelton Turbine,water strikes the vanes along the tangent of the Runner and the energy available at the inlet of the turbine is only kinetic energy, therefore it is a tangential flow Impulse Turbine. This Turbine is used for high head.

Hydro Power Calculations

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Efficiency of Hydropower Plants

Hydropower is very efficient

Efficiency = (electrical power delivered to the busbar) (potential energy of head water) Frictional drag and turbulence of flow Friction and magnetic losses in turbine & generator

Typical losses are due to


Overall efficiency ranges from 75-95%

56 Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

Hydropower Calculations
P g Q H P 10 Q H
P = power in kilowatts (kW) g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2) = turbo-generator efficiency (0<n<1) Q = quantity of water flowing (m3/sec) H = effective head (m)

57 Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

Economics of Hydropower

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Production Expense Comparison

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Environmental Impacts

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Impacts of Hydroelectric Dams

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Ecological Impacts

Loss of forests, wildlife habitat, species Degradation of upstream catchment areas due to inundation of reservoir area

Rotting vegetation also emits greenhouse gases Loss of aquatic biodiversity, fisheries, other downstream services Cumulative impacts on water quality, natural flooding

Disrupt transfer of energy, sediment, nutrients


Sedimentation reduces reservoir life, erodes turbine
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Environmental and Social Issues


Land use inundation and displacement of people Impacts on natural hydrology


Increase evaporative losses Altering river flows and natural flooding cycles Sedimentation/silting Aquatic ecology, fish, plants, mammals Mercury, nitrates, oxygen Bacterial and viral infections

Impacts on biodiversity

Water chemistry changes


Tropics

Seismic Risks Structural dam failure risks


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