Artificial Intelligence

Representing Commonsense Knowledge

L. Manevitz

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L. Manevitz

Lecture 7

Definitions
Representation a set of syntactic and semantic conventions that make it possible to describe things. Syntax specifies the symbols that may be used and the ways those symbols may be arranged. Semantics specifies how meaning is embodied in the symbol arrangements allowed by the syntax.
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Semantic Network Approach

Nodes and Slots: Nodes are objects, or classes, or properties. Slots are of different types.

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Lecture 7

A Semantic Network
Mammal
Is-a

Person
uniformcolor Blue

has-part

Nose

instance team Pee-Wee-Reese Brooklyn-Dodgers

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Lecture 7

Representing Nonbinary Predicates

Unary Predicates can be rewritten as binary ones. man(Marcus) could be rewritten as instance(Marcus,Man)

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Lecture 7

Representing Nonbinary Predicates cont.

N-Place Predicates score(Cubs,Dodgers,5-3) becomes Game
Cubs visitingteam Is-a G23 score 5-3

home-team
Dodgers
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A Semantic Net Representing a Sentence

John gave the book to Mary.
Give Book

John

agent

instance object EV7

beneficiary Mary

instance
BK23

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Lecture 7

Some Important Distinctions

First try:
John height 72

Second try:
John Bill

height greater-than
H1
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height
H2
8

Some Important Distinctions cont.

Third try:
John height greater-than H1 value 72
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Bill height H2

Partitioned Semantic Nets

a) The dog bit the mail carrier.

Dogs Is-a assailant

Bite Is-a b victim

Mail-carrier Is-a m

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Partitioned Semantic Nets cont.

b) Every dog has bitten a mail carrier.
SA GS Is-a form Dogs Bite Mail-carrier

S1 Is-a Is-a Is-a assailant victim d b m

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Partitioned Semantic Nets cont.

c) Every dog in town has bitten the constable.
SA Dogs GS Is-a g
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Town-Dogs

Bite

Constables

form

S1 Is-a Is-a Is-a assailant victim d b c

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Partitioned Semantic Nets cont.

d) Every dog has bitten every mail carrier.
SA Dogs Bite Mail-carrier

S1
d

Is-a
assailant b

Is-a
victim

Is-a
m

form
GS
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Is-a g
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Inheritance
Is-a slot appears between objects and classes. ako slot appears between subsets.

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Inheritance -Procedure
F the given node; S the given slot; 1. Form a Queue of F and all class nodes connected to F via Is-A node. F is at top of Queue. 2. Until Queue is empty or default has been found determine if the first element of Queue has a value in its S slot:
a. b. Yes a value has been found. No remove the first element from Queue and add the nodes related to the first element by AKO slots to the end of Queue.

3.

If a value has been found say that this is the default value of Fs S slot. Otherwise announce Failure.
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Inheritance - Example
Block ako Wedge shape Triangular ako Brick shape rectangular

Is-a Wedge18
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Is-a Brick12
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If-needed Inheritance -Procedure

F the given node; S the given slot; 1. Form a Queue of F and all class nodes connected to F via Is-A node. F is at top of Queue. 2. Until Queue is empty or successful if-needed procedure has been found determine if the first element of Queue has a procedure in the If-Needed facet of its S slot:
a. b. Yes if the procedure produces a value than a value has been found. No remove the first element from Queue and add the nodes related to the first element by AKO slots to the end of Queue.

3.

If a value has been found say that the value found is the value of Fs S slot. Otherwise announce Failure.
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If-needed Inheritance - Example

Weight (if-needed) Block-weightBlock procedure

Brick Volume 400 11

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Brick12
Density
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Example cont.
Block Weight is activated by request for the weight of Brick12 !

Brick

Weight Volume

4400 400 11
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Brick12

Density
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Default Inheritance Procedure

F the given node; S the given slot; 1. Form a Queue of F and all class nodes connected to F via Is-A node. F is at top of Queue. 2. Until Queue is empty or default has been found determine if the first element of Queue has a value in the Default facet of its S slot:
a. b. Yes if the first element has a value than a value has been found. No remove the first element from Queue and add the nodes related to the first element by AKO slots to the end of Queue.

3.

If a value has been found say that the value found is the default value of Fs S slot. Otherwise announce Failure.
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Default Inheritance - Example

Has no default color therefore probably Blue because of Blocks default color ! Wedge Color (Default)

Block

Blue

ako

ako
Brick Color (Default) Red

Is-a
Wedge18
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Is-a
Brick12
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rectangular

Perspective -Example
Play Commemorate

shape
Brick

Purpose Structure Toy

Is-a Brick12 Is-a

Purpose
Gift Is-a

Is-a

Gift Structure Toy perspective perspective perspective

Purpose
Support
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Special Links - Summary

IS-A and AKO links make class membership and subclass-class relations explicit, facilitating the movement of knowledge from one level to another. VALUE facets make values explicit.

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Special Links Summary cont.

IF-NEEDED facets make procedures purposes explicit, and they relate procedures to the classes those procedures are relevant to. DEFAULT facets make likely values explicit without implying certainty. Perspectives make context sensitivity explicit, preventing confusion and ambiguity.

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Frames
Frames : A collection of nodes that describe a stereotyped object, act or event. Example : newspaper report.

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Earthquake Example
Disaster-event
Killed

Event
Place

Injured
Homeless Damage

Day
Time

Earthquake
Magnitude Fault

Social-event
Number-ofguests Host

Flood
Crest River

Birthday-party
Birthdayperson Age
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Hurricane
Wind-speed Name
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Earthquake Example cont.

Earthquake Hits Lower Slabovia Today an extremely serious earthquake of magnitude 8.5 hit Lower Slabovia killing 25 people and causing $500,000,000 in damage. The president of Lower Slabovia said the hard-hit area near the Sadie Hawkins fault has been a danger zone for years.
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Earthquake Example cont.

Earthquake13
place
day fatalities damage magnitude fault
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Lower Slabovia
Today

25
500,000,000

8.5
Sadie Hawkins
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Earthquake Summary Pattern

An earthquake occurred in value in location slot value in day slot. There were value in fatalities slot fatalities and value in damage slot in property damage. The magnitude was value in magnitude slot on the Richter scale, and the fault involved was the value in fault slot.
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Instantiated Earthquake Summary Pattern

An earthquake occurred in Lower Slabovia today . There were 25 fatalities and $500 million in property damage. The magnitude was 8.5 on the Richter scale, and the fault involved was the Sadie Hawkins.

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Earthquake Example cont.

Earthquake Study Stopped Today, the President of Lower Slabovia killed 25 proposals totaling $500 million for research in earthquake prediction. Our Lower Slabovian correspondent calculates that 8.5 research proposals are rejected for every one approved. There are rumors that the Presidents science advisor, Sadie Hawkins, is at fault.

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Earthquake Example cont.

The Earthquake Study Stopped story could be summarized, naively, as though it were the story about an actual earthquake, producing the same frame as the Earthquake Hits Lower Slabovia story does.

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Scripts

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Scripts
Example - Restaurant script. Script: Restaurant Roles: S=Customer Track: Coffee Shop W=Waiter Props: Tables C=Cook Menu M=Cashier F=Food O=Owner Check Money
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Restaurant Example cont.

Entry conditions : S is hungry S has money

Results : S has less money O has more money S is not hungry S is pleased (optional)
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Restaurant Example cont.

Scene 1: Entering
S PTRANS S into restaurant S ATTEND eyes to tables S MBUILD where to sit S PTRANS S to table S MOVE S to sitting position
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Restaurant Example cont.

Scene 2: Ordering
(menu on table) (W brings menu) S PTRANS menu to S (S asks for menu) S MTRANS signal to W W PTRANS W to table S MTRANS need menu to W W PTRANS W to menu W PTRANS W to table W ATRANS menu to S W PTRANS W to C W MTRANS (ATRANS) to C C DO (prepare F script) to Scene 3
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S MTRANS W to table *S MBUILD choice of F S MTRANS signal to W W PTRANS W to table S MTRANS I want F to W

C MTRANS no F to W W PTRANS W to S W MTRANS no F to S (go back to *) or (go to Scene 4 at no pay All rights reserved L. Manevitz path)

Restaurant Example cont.

Scene 3 : Eating
C ATRANS F to W W ATRANS F to S S INGEST F (Option : Return to Scene 2 to order more; otherwise go to Scene 4)

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Restaurant Example cont.

Scene 4 : Exiting
S MTRANS to W (W ATRANS check to S) W MOVE (write check) W PTRANS W to S W ATRANS check to S S ATRANS tip to W S PTRANS S to M S ATRANS money to M S PTRANS S to out of restaurant (No pay path)
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