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DEFINITION OF TWO DIMENSIONAL MOTION

In two dimensions, it is necessary to use vector notation to describe physical quantities with both magnitude and direction. In this chapter, we define displacement, velocity and acceleration as vectors in two dimensions.

What is the velocity??


Velocity is a vector quantity which is defined as the rate of change of distance with time

While measuring velocity, there are two ways you can specify it.

Average Velocity

Instantaneous Velocity

Average Velocity

S T

S is the distance covered, while T is the time period of travel

Average Velocity = total displacement total time taken

Average Velocity: The displacement is 0, since she ended up back where she started. The total time was 7 seconds. The average velocity was 0 divided by 7, or 0 m/s.

Despite the trip moving at various speeds, because it ended up at the starting point, the average velocity was zero. This will always be true when the final displacement is zero.

The velocity of a moving object at a particular instant of time

S dS lim T dT t 0

INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY PROBLEM

A bullet fired in space is traveling in a straight line and its equation of motion is given by S = 4t + 6t2. If it travels for 15 seconds before impact, find the instantaneous velocity at the 10th second.
We know the equation of motion given by : S = 4t + 6t2 The instantaneous velocity is given by :

dS dT

(t = 10).

i.e. to calculate the

instantaneous velocity you must calculate the derivative of displacement with respect to time and substitute t = 10.

dS = d (4t + 6t2) = 4 + 12t dT dt


Therefore,
VInstantaneous at (t =10) = 4 + (12 x 10) = 124 meters/sec.

ACCELERATION
The rate of change of velocity over time. Unit : meter per second (m/s2)

Average Acceleration Ratio between the change in velocity and the time interval

Instantaneous Acceleration The change in velocity at one moment

v a t

v Velocity change t Ellapsed time

v dv lim t dt t 0

Average Acceleration Problem


A sky diver steps out of an aeroplane. After 10 seconds she is falling at a steady speed of 50m/s. She then opens the parachute. After another 5 seconds she is once again falling at a steady speed. The speed is now only 10m/s. Calculate the average acceleration during the time when she first opens her parachute until she reachers her slower steady speed.

Opening speed = 50 Final = 10 Time = 5 Acceleration = (10 - 50)/5 = -40/5 a = -8 m/s^2... Negative sign indicates deceleration of diver.

Intantaneous acceleration is defined as a = lim v dv dt t 0 t We use this in the above formula v


dx dt

Here v is the velocity of the particle or object, then we get dv a dt dx d dt dt

d 2x = dt 2
d 2x a 2 dt
It is the second derivatives of the position respect to time

For the given function, determine the instantaneous acceleration for the object movement at a time of 4.3 s. f(t) = 15t3 + 13t2 + 14t + 16

INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION PROBLEM

Given f(t) = 15t3 + 13t2 + 14t + 16 Differentiate the given function with respect to t
df = 3(15t2) + 2 (13t) + 14 dt

The first derivative of the given function is velocity of the object.

It can be represented by V = df dt So, V = 45t2 + 26t + 14 Differentiate the velocity equation with the respect to t

d d2 f (45t2 + 26t + 14) 2 dt dt


= 2(45t) + 26 = 90t + 26 The second derivative of the given function is the acceleration equation of the object.

To determine the instantaneous acceleration at a time of 4.3 s So, t = 4.3 s Apply the t = 3.1 s in the acceleration equation, then we get Acceleration (t) = 90t + 26

Acceleration (4.3 s) = 90(4.3) + 26


= 387 + 26 = 413 m/s2 Instantaneous acceleration for the given function is 413 m/s2

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