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What fluctuates during a business cycle? What tends to rise during an upturn? What happens during a downturn? What causes of business cycles are mentioned in the text? (2) What do people do when economic times are good? When does an upturn end? What do people tend to do then? What is investment linked to? When do people invest? How does a downturn end?
Define...
An upturn 2. A boom 3. A recession 4. a depression or slump. 5. a peak. 6. a trough. What is ... 1. a negative growth?
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These theories hold that business cycles are caused by... A downturn begins when.... People spend, and borrow money when People tend to spend less when When interest rates rise... Companies only invest while ... These theories hold that business cycles are caused by... Schumpeter believes that Creative destruction means that...
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Describing graphs
Vertical axis (pl. axes) Horizontal axis Solid line Broken line Dotted line
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______________ -----------------------..............
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Look at the graph and decide what is the topic and the time frame of the graph. What do the labels and the numbers represent? (a percentage? A price?) Describe the overall situation, find the most important trends. Do not describe every detail. Try not to repeat the same language and sentence structures. Stick to the facts, do not give opinions. Conclude by summarising what we learn from the chart.
Language: Verbs
Decide if the following verbs are transative (followed by an object) or intransative (no object necessary). Put the following objects after the verb if you think it is necessary: prices, sales, spending, taxes. The verbs: Rise, boost, plunge, fall, decline, grow, spur, plummet, slash, jump, slump, rally, soar, raise, bring down
RISE GROW JUMP RALLY SOAR FALL DECLINE PLUMMET SLUMP PLUNGE
INCREASE DECREASE
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Give the past forms of these verbs and of the verb feel. Which verb means to happen, to occur or to come into existence? A cash-flow crisis has _________. Last year we ____ $2 m in capital. Retail prices ______ by 7% last year. The Prime Minister ______ sure that unemployment will decline in the next two years. The Fed will probably ____ interest rates by 0.5%.
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Give the past forms of these verbs and of the verb feel. Which verb means to happen, to occur or to come into existence? A cash-flow crisis has arisen. Last year we raised $2 m in capital. Retail prices rose / fell by 7% last year. The Prime Minister felt sure that unemployment will decline in the next two years. The Fed will probably raise interest rates by 0.5%.
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Nouns can also be used to describe trends. What is the noun version of the verb?
Verbs To increase To decrease To decline To fall To rise To drop To surge To plunge To slump To improve To jump
Nouns An increase A decrease A decline A fall A rise A drop A surge, an upsurge A plunge A slump An improvement A jump
Adjectives and adverbs help in describing the speed or the degree of change
AD+VERBS
A D J E C T I V ES+NOUNS
DEGREE OF CHANGE
DEGREE OF CHANGE
SPEED OF CHANGE
Adjectives
Gradual, dramatic, abrupt, considerable, quick, significant, sharp, rapid, substantial, sudden, steady, slow, moderate, slight
Adjectives
Degree
dramatic considerable significant sharp substantial moderate slight
Speed
abrupt sudden rapid quick steady slow gradual
ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB?
There was a CONSIDERABLY / CONSIDERABLE fall. It fell SLIGHT / SLIGHTLY. There was a SLIGHT / SLIGHTLY upturn. The government decreased taxes MODERATE/ MODERATELY. They reported a DRAMATICALLY / DRAMATIC downturn.
to fall _____ 22004 _____ 11002 to increase __ 77% to decrease __ 43% sales stood __ $1m
an increase ___ 77% a decline ___ 43% Prices peaked __ $78 ___ 2011.
to fall from 22004 to 11002 to increase by 77% to decrease by 43% sales stood at $1m
to fall by 50%
Sales grew by $5 m.
Sales grew to $5 m.
Prepositions
N + of + #(change)
A growth of 78%
Sales grew by 78% Sales grew to $15m
V + by + #(change)
V + to + #(destination)
Sales are currently standing at 15m. Sales peaked at 25m. Sales bottomed out at 4m.