CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
Based

on the make up of matter Classified into mixtures, compounds and elements

PURE SUBSTANCES

found on the periodic table Compounds chemical combinations of elements

Elements
Cannot

be separated physically but can be

MIXTURE
Matter

consisting of two or more substances mixed together but not chemically combined

MIXTURE Properties
Substances

keep their own properties No new chemicals are formed

Properties of mixtures
Substances

can be present in any amount or proportion Substances can be separated physically

Physical means
Magnetism
Evaporation

MIXTURE

Dissection
Filtering Distillation Centrifuge

HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE
Mixture

that doesnt appear to be the same throughout Examples: salad, concrete, granite, pizza, sand

SUSPENSION
Heterogeneous

mixture in which the particles of a substance are temporarily mixed in a liquid Examples: salad dressing, chocolate milk, muddy water

SUSPENSION
Properties
Exhibits

the Tyndall effect

of light

Scattering
Example:

seeing a beam of light in muddy water

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE
Mixture

that appears to be the same throughout

soda, tea, toothpaste, lotion, alloys,

Examples:

COLLOIDS
Particles

that are mixed together but are not dissolved Examples: fog, smoke, jello, mayo

Properties
Any

COLLOIDS
state of matter Doesnt settle out permanently suspended
Cant

be filtered out but can appear cloudy

Properties
Particles
Exhibits

COLLOIDS

are still large but you cant see them

the tyndall effect Properties are consistent throughout the sample

Homogeneous

mixture in which one substance is dissolved in another Examples: ocean water, soda, air, alloys (brass, bronze, steel)

SOLUTION

PARTS OF A SOLUTION
Solute
Substance

that is

dissolved Usually present in smaller amounts

Solvent Substance

that does the

dissolving Usually present in larger amounts Water is the universal solvent because of it shape

SOLUTION
Properties
Cant

be filtered Doesnt settle out

Particles

are small and not visible

SOLUTION
Properties
Properties

are consistent throughout the sample Any state of matter No tyndall effect

TYPES OF SOLUTION
Saturated
Solution

Solution

that contains the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve Any added solute will settle to the bottom and not dissolve

TYPES OF SOLUTION
Unsaturated
Solution

Solution

that contains less than the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve

Added

solute will be dissolved

TYPES OF SOLUTION
Supersaturated
Solution

Solution

that contains more than the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve Very rare

TYPES OF SOLUTION
Supersaturated
Can

Solution

be made by slowly cooling a saturated solution to a cooler temperature

Added

solute will cause the extra dissolved solute to crystallize out

SOLUBILITY
Measure

of how much of a solute can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent under certain conditions

SOLUBILITY Soluble dissolves Insoluble doesnt dissolve

SOLUBILITY
Solubility

curve graph showing the solubility of a substance with changing temperature

SOLUBILITY Factors
increase temperature, increases solubility increase the pressure of a gas, increases the solubility of the gas

SOLUBILITY Factors
Amount

of solute already dissolved the more substances dissolved, decreases the solubility The nature of the solute and solvent

FOUR CLASSES OF MATTER

The

four classes of matter are elements, compounds, mixtures, and solutions

HOMOGENEOUS MATTER
Appears

to look similar throughout Ex: salt, sugar, whipped cream all parts are alike (appearance)

QUESTION
What

does the prefix homo mean? Name the four classes of matter. What are the four phases of matter?

QUESTION
Milk

in most stores is homogenized. What do you think this means?

HETEROGENEOUS MATTER
Matter

that has different properties Ex: soil, cereal with raisins, concrete

QUESTION
How

is homogeneous matter different from heterogeneous matter?

QUESTION
Why

VIDEO

is it better to classify matter according to make-up rather than phase? Think!

WHAT IS A MIXTURE?
A

combination of substances Two or more substances that are not chemically combined

PROPERTIES OF MIXTURES
The

substances in a mixture keep their separate identities (properties) Ex: salt/pepper, sugar/water

SEPARATING MIXTURES
The

substances in a mixture can be separated by simple physical means Evaporation and filtration are used to separate mixtures

TYPES OF MIXTURES (VIDEO)

Heterogeneous

mixtures are the least mixed of all mixtures The different particles in mixtures are large enough to be seen

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES
Homogenous

well mixed Particles are small and not easily recognized

mixtures are

QUESTION
What

are two ways mixtures can be separated?

SOLUTIONS (VIDEO)
A

solution is a mixture in which a substance is dissolved in another, best mixed

PROPERTIES OF A SOLUTION
Particles

are not large enough to be seen Evenly spread particles Particles cannot be separated by simple physical means

ALLOYS (VIDEO)
Solutions

alloys Ex: gold jewelry, brass, sterling silver, stainless steel

of metals are

QUESTIONS
Describe

an alloy. What are two properties of a solution?

PURE SUBSTANCES (VIDEO)

Homogeneous

matter is also known as a pure substance Properties: one kind of material with the same properties

ELEMENTS
Simplest

types pure substances Made of only one type of atom Cannot be broken down by chemical processes or heating

WHAT IS AN ATOM? (VIDEO)

The

smallest particle of an element that has the same properties of the element is the atom

CHEMICAL SYMBOLS
A

short way of representing elements Consists of one or two letters An abbreviation for an element

QUESTION
What

are two properties of elements? What is an atom?

COMPOUNDS (VIDEO)
Pure

substances made of more than one element is a compound Ex: carbon dioxide, ammonia, sugar

MOLECULES
Two

or more atoms that are chemically bonded Smallest part of a compound that has the same properties of that compound

SEPARATING COMPOUNDS
Compounds

are made of molecules Compounds can be broken down into simpler substances by heating and electricity

QUESTIONS
How

is a different How is a different

molecule from an atom? compound from an element?

CHEMICAL FORMULAS
Combinations

of chemical symbols are chemical formulas (C3H7OH) (NH3)

SUBSCRIPT
A

subscript is placed to the lower right of the chemical symbol It gives the number of atoms of the element

QUESTIONS
How

is chemical symbol different from a chemical formula?

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
A

description of a chemical reaction using symbols and formulas is a chemical equation

COEFFICIENT
The

number used to balance a chemical equation (coefficient) Balanced means the same number of reactants and products

QUESTIONS
How

is a subscript different from a coefficient?

CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Reactants

are the substances that enter a chemical reaction Products are the substances formed by a chemical reaction

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
2H2+O2 (reactants)

2H2O The arrow means yields (makes) C + O2 CO2 (products) Reactants (yield) products

QUESTIONS
What

does the arrow mean in a chemical equation? What is a chemical equation?

QUESTIONS
What

is another name for a chemical reaction? On what side of a chemical reaction would you find the reactants? Products?