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Chapter 4
Market
A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service. The terms supply and demand refer to the behavior of people . . . as they interact with one another in markets. Buyers determine demand. Sellers determine supply
Demand
Quantity demanded is the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase. Law of Demand
The law of demand states that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises.
The Demand Curve: The relationship between Price and Quantity Demanded
Demand Schedule
The demand schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of the good and the quantity demanded.
Demand Curve
Demand Curve
The demand curve is a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.
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15.00 10.00 5.00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones 2. ... increases quantity of cones demanded.
Copyright 2004 South-Western
20.00
A tax that raises the price of ice-cream cones results in a movement along the demand curve.
A
10.00
D
0
Change in Demand
A shift in the demand curve, either to the left or right. Caused by any change that alters the quantity demanded at every price.
Decrease in demand
Demand curve, D2 Demand curve, D1 Demand curve, D3 0 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Consumer Income
As income increases the demand for a normal good will increase. As income increases the demand for an inferior good will decrease.
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25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 Increase in demand
An increase in income...
D1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
D2
30.00
25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 Decrease in demand
An increase in income...
D2
0 1
D1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Copyright2004 South-Western
Supply
Quantity supplied is the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell. Law of Supply
The law of supply states that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises.
Supply Schedule
Supply Schedule
The supply schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of the good and the quantity supplied.
Supply Surve
Supply Curve
The supply curve is the graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.
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1 2
30.00
C A rise in the price of ice cream results in a movement along the supply curve.
10.00
Quantity of Ice-Cream
30.00
C A rise in the price of ice cream results in a movement along the supply curve.
10.00
Quantity of Ice-Cream
Change in Supply
A shift in the supply curve, either to the left or right. Caused by a change in a determinant other than price.
Equilibrium refers to a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.
Equilibrium Price
The price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded. On a graph, it is the price at which the supply and demand curves intersect. The quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price. On a graph it is the quantity at which the supply and demand curves intersect.
Equilibrium Quantity
Supply
Equilibrium
Equilibrium quantity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Demand
9 10 11 12 13 Quantity of Ice-Cream
Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Demand
4 Quantity demanded
10 Quantity supplied
Equilibrium
Surplus
When price > equilibrium price, then quantity supplied > quantity demanded.
There is excess supply or a surplus. Suppliers will lower the price to increase sales, thereby moving toward equilibrium.
Equilibrium
Shortage
When price < equilibrium price, then quantity demanded > the quantity supplied.
There is excess demand or a shortage. Suppliers will raise the price due to too many buyers chasing too few goods, thereby moving toward equilibrium.
The claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balance.
20.0
2. . . . resulting in a higher price . . . Initial equilibrium D D 0 3. . . . and a higher quantity sold. 7 10 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
A shift in the supply curve is called a change in supply. A movement along a fixed supply curve is called a change in quantity supplied. A shift in the demand curve is called a change in demand. A movement along a fixed demand curve is called a change in quantity demanded.
S1
25.0
20.0
2. . . . resulting in a higher price of ice cream . . .
Demand