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Preparatory School to Winter College on Optics: Advances in Nano-optics and Plasmonics 30th January-3rd February 2012 5/26/12
In regions of free space (i.e. the vacuum) - where no electric charges - no electric currents and no matter of any kind are present - Maxwells equations (in differential form) are:
We can de-couple Maxwells equations -by applying the curl operator to equations 3) and 4):
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Have exactly the same structure both are linear, homogeneous, 2nd order differential equations.
Remember that each of the above equations is explicitly dependent on space and time,
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Thus, Maxwells equations implies that empty space the vacuum {which is not empty, at the microscopic scale} supports the propagation of {macroscopic} electromagnetic waves - which propagate at the speed of light {in vacuum}:
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In Cartesian coordinates:
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Then
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Maxwells equations additionally impose the restriction that an electromagnetic plane wave cannot have any component of E or B || to (or anti- || to) the propagation direction (in this case here, the z -direction) Another way of stating this is that an EM wave cannot have any longitudinal components of E and B (i.e. components of E and B lying along the propagation direction). 5/26/12 1414
Thus,
Maxwells
equations
additionally tell us that an EM wave is a purely transverse wave (at least for propagation in free space) the components of E
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But :
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Physically this relation states that E and B are: in phase with each other. mutually perpendicular to each other - (B) z
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EM Power flows in the direction of propagation of the EM wave (here, the +z direction)
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This is the paradigm for a monochromatic plane wave. The wave as a whole is said to be polarized in the x direction (by convention, we use the direction of E to specify the polarization of an electromagnetic wave). 5/26/12 2525
wher e an d
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Bu t
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But :
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We need time averaged expressions for each of these quantities - in order to compare directly with experimental data- for monochromatic plane EM light waves:
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Thus, the time-averaged quantities associated with an EM wave propagating in free space are:
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The intensity of an EM wave is also known as the irradiance of the EM wave it is the radiant power incident per unit area upon a surface.
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Preparatory School to Winter College on Optics: Advances in Nano-optics and Plasmonics 30th January-3rd February 2012 5/26/12
Consider EM wave propagation inside matter - in regions where there are NO free charges and/or free currents ( the medium is an insulator/non-conductor). For this situation, Maxwells equations become:
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Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Linear Media homogeneous The medium is assumed to be linear,
and isotropic- thus the following relations are valid in this medium: an d = electric permittivity of the = o (1 +e), e = electric susceptibility of the medium. medium. = magnetic permeability of the medium.(1 +m), m = magnetic susceptibility of the = o medium. o = electric permittivity of free space = 8.85 1012 Farads/m. o = magnetic permeability of free space = 4 107 5/26/12 4343
Maxwells equations inside the linear, homogeneous and isotropic non-conducting medium become:
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Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Linear Media obey the following The E and B fields in the medium
wave equation:
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If
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Thus, for linear / homogeneous / isotropic media: becaus e Now for many (but not all) linear/homogeneous/isotropic materials:
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wit h
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Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Linear Media associated The instantaneous Poyntings vector
with a linear/homogeneous/isotropic material
Wher 5/26/12 e
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The instantaneous linear momentum density associated with an EM wave propagating in a linear/homogeneous/isotropic medium is:
The instantaneous angular momentum density associated with an EM wave propagating in a linear/homogeneous/isotropic medium is:
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Transmission of Linear Polarized Plane EM Waves at Normal Incident EM plane wave (in medium Incidence 1):
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Transmission of Linear Polarized Plane EM Waves at Normal Transmitted EM plane wave (in Incidence medium 2):
Note that {here, in this situation} the E -field / polarization vectors are all oriented in the same direction, i.e. or equivalently:
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Transmission of Linear Polarized Plane EM Waves at Normal At the interface between the two linear / homogeneous / isotropic media -at Incidence z = 0 {in the x-y plane} the boundary
conditions 1) 4) must be satisfied for the total E and B -fields immediately present on either side of the interface:
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Transmission of Linear Polarized Plane EM Waves at Normal For plane EM waves at normal incidence on the boundary Incidence at z = 0 lying in the x-y plane- no components of E or B
(incident, reflected or transmitted waves) - allowed to be along the z propagation direction(s) - the E and B-field are transverse fields {constraints imposed by Maxwells equations}. BC 1) and BC 3) impose no restrictions on such EM waves since:
The only restrictions on plane EM waves propagating with normal incidence on the boundary at z = 0 are imposed by BC 2) and BC 4). 5/26/12 5858
Transmission of Linear Polarized Plane EM Waves at Normal At z = 0 in medium 1) (i.e. z 0) we must Incidence have:
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Transmission of Linear Polarized Plane EM Waves at Normal BC 2) (Tangential E is continuous @ z = 0) requires Incidence that:
BC 4) (Tangential H is continuous @ z = 0) requires that:
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Transmission of Linear Polarized Plane EM Waves at Normal Using explicit expressions for the complex E and B Incidence fields
Cancelling the common eit factors on the LHS & RHS of above equations - we have at z = 0 { everywhere in the x-y plane- must be independent of any time t}:
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Transmission of Linear Polarized Plane EM Waves at Normal BC 4) (Tangential H continuous @ z = 0) relation Incidence becomes:
BC 2) (Tangential continuous @ z = 0):
Transmission of Linear Polarized Plane EM Waves at Normal Add and Subtract BC 2) and BC 4) Incidence relations:
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Transmission of Linear Polarized Plane EM Waves at Normal Now if the two media are both paramagnetic and/or Incidence diamagnetic, such that
Very common for many (but not all) non-conducting linear/ homogeneous/isotropic media Then
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We can alternatively express these relations in terms of the indices of refraction n1 & n2:
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Monochromatic plane EM wave at normal incidence on a boundary between two linear / homogeneous / isotropic media
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Transmission of Linear Polarized Plane EM Waves at Normal For a monochromatic plane EM wave at normal incidence on aIncidence two linear / boundary between
homogeneous / isotropic media, with note the following points:
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Transmission of Linear Polarized Plane EM Waves at Normal What fraction of the incident EM wave energy Incidence reflected? What fraction of the incident EM wave energy
is is
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Transmission of Linear Polarized Plane EM Waves at Normal The time-averaged Poyntings Incidence vector is:
Note that the three Poyntings vectors associated with this problem are such that
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Transmission of Linear Polarized Plane EM Waves at Normal Take the ratios Incidence - then
square them:
an d
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Transmission of Linear Polarized Plane EM Waves at Normal Define the reflection coefficient as: Incidence
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For wave at normal incidence on a boundary between two linear / homogeneous / isotropic media, with
Transmission of Linear Polarized Plane EM Waves at Normal a linearly-polarized monochromatic plane EM Incidence
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Thus :
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Transmission of Linear Polarized Plane EM Wavesmonochromatic plane EM at Normal For a linearly-polarized wave at normal incidence on a boundary between Incidence
two linear / homogeneous / isotropic media, with Reflection coefficient:
Transmission coefficient:
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They must hold for all (x,y) on the interface at z = 0 - and also must hold for all times, t. The above relation is already satisfied for arbitrary time, t - the factor eit is common to all terms.
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@z= 0 The above relation can only hold for arbitrary (x, y, z = 0) iff ( = if and only if):
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are all
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The Second Law of Geometrical Optics (Law of From the figure, Reflection): we see
that:
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Which can also be written as: Since trans refers to medium 2) and inc refers to medium 1)
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everywhere on the interface at z = 0 {in the x-y plane} Thus we see that: everywhere on the interface at z = 0 {in the x-y plane}, valid also for arbitrary/any/all time(s) t, since is the same in either medium (1 or 2).
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BC 4): Tangential (x-, y-) components of H continuous at z = 0 (no free surface currents):
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From BC 1) BC 4) actually have only two independent relations for the case of transverse electric (TE) polarization:
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wit h
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Reflection Intensity
Transmission Intensity
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From BC 4) at z = 0:
where 5/26/12 :
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Now explore the physics associated with the Fresnel Equations -the reflection and transmission coefficients. Comparing results for TE vs. TM polarization for the cases of external reflection (n1 < n2) and internal reflection n1 > n2) When (Erefl /Einc)< 0 - Eorefl is 180o out-ofphase with Eoinc since the numerators of the original Fresnel Equations for TE & TM polarization are (1 ) and ( ) respectively.
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Comment 1):
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Brewsters Angle B / the Polarizing Angle P for Transverse Magnetic (TM) Polarization From the numerator of -the originallyderived expression for TM polarization- when this ratio = 0 at Brewsters angle B = polarizing angle - this occurs when ( )=0 , i.e. when = . and Snells Law:
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Comment 3): For internal reflection (n1 > n2) there exists a critical angle of incidence past which no transmitted beam exists for either TE or TM polarization. The critical angle does not depend on polarization it is actually dictated / defined by Snells Law:
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Evanescent Wave:
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Reflection & Transmission of Monochromatic Plane EM Waves at Oblique Incidence Brewsters angle for TE polarization:
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Preparatory School to Winter College on Optics: Advances in Nano-optics and Plasmonics 30th January-3rd February 2012 5/26/12
where C = conductivity of the metal conductor (Ohm1/m) and C =1/ C where C = resistivity of the metal conduct or (Ohm-m).
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thus :
A damped exponential!!! The continuity equation inside a conductor tells us that any free charge density initially present at time t = 0 is exponentially damped in a characteristic time = charge relaxation time.
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an 5/26/12 d
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The imaginary part of k , = m(k) results in an exponential attenuation/damping of the monochromatic plane EM wave with increasing z:
These solutions satisfy the above wave equations for any choice
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The characteristic distance over which E and B are attenuated/reduced to 1/e=0.3679- of their initial values (at z = 0) is known as the skin depth
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The real part of k- determines the spatial wavelength ( )-the propagation speed v( ) and also the index of refraction
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The above plane wave solutions satisfy the above wave equations(s). Maxwells equations rue out the presence of any longitudinal i.e, z- component of E and B. E and B are purely transverse waves (as before), even in a conductor! If we consider a linearly polarized monochromatic plane EM wave propagating in the +z -direction in a conducting medium, e.g.
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ha s
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The real/physical E and B fields associated with linearly polarized monochromatic plane EM waves propagating in a conducting medium are exponentially damped:
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an d
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In the presence of free surface charges and free surface currents- the Bcs for reflection and refraction at e.g. a dielectric-conductor interface become: BC 1): (normal D at interface): BC 2): (tangential E at interface): BC 3): (normal B at interface): BC 4): (tangential H at interface):
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Where n21 is a unit vector to the interface, pointing from medium (2) into medium (1). Incident EM wave {medium (1)}: an d
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The relations for reflection/transmission of EMW at normal incidence on a non-conductor/conductor boundary are identical to those obtained for reflection / transmission of EMW at normal incidence on a boundary/interface between two non-conductors- except for the replacement of with a complex .
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We also see that for a perfect conductor, for normal incidence, the reflected wave undergoes a 180 degree phase shift with respect to the incident wave at the interface at z = 0 in the x-y plane. A perfect conductor screens out all EM waves from propagating in its 5/26/12 162 interior.
Wher e
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Note that the transmitted wave is exponentially attenuated in the z-direction; the E and B fields in the good conductor fall to 1/e of their initial {z = 0} values (at/on the interface) after the monochromatic plane EM wave propagates a distance of one skin depth in z into the conductor: 5/26/12 165
Note also that the energy associated with the transmitted monochromatic plane EM wave is ultimately dissipated in the conducting medium as heat. In {bulk} metals-the transmitted wave is {rapidly} absorbed/attenuated in the metal- we can only study the reflection coefficient R. A full description of the physics of reflection from the surface of a metal conductor as a function of angle of 5/26/12 166 incidence- requires the use of a complex dispersion
These four quantities are related to the macroscopic E and B fields by the four Maxwell equations for matter
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i.e. insulators/ dielectrics- the first two terms on the RHS are important they explain many optical effects such as dispersion (wavelength/frequency-dependence of the index of refraction), absorption, double refraction/birefringence, optical activity, . . . .
Note that the P uniform term is often zero-
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is the most important, because it explains the opacity of metals (e.g. in the visible light region) and also explains the high reflectance of metals.
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