Solvency Margins

INSURANCE REGULATORY AND

DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (ASSETS,
LIABILITIES, AND SOLVENCY MARGIN OF
INSURERS) REGULATIONS, 2000.
DETERMINATION OF SOLVENCY
MARGINS
• LIFE INSURERS
– Available Solvency Margin’ means the excess of value of assets
(furnished in IRDA- Form- AA) over the value of life insurance
liabilities (furnished in Form H as specified in Regulation 4 of
Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (Actuarial Report
and Abstract) Regulations, 2000) and other liabilities of policyholders’
fund and shareholders’ funds;
– “Solvency Ratio” means the ratio of the amount of Available Solvency
Margin to the amount of Required Solvency Margin.
• GENERAL INSURERS
– “Available Solvency Margin” means the excess of value of assets
(furnished in Form IRDA-Assets- AA) over the value of liabilities
(furnished in Form HG), with further adjustments as shown in Table III
of Form KG.
– “Solvency Ratio” means the ratio of the amount of Available Solvency
Margin to the amount of Required Solvency Margin.
 VALUATION OF ASSETS
• The following assets should be placed with value zero,--
– Agent’s balances and outstanding premiums in India, to the extent they are
not realised within a period of thirty days;
– Agents’ balances and outstanding premiums outside India, to the extent they
are not realisable ;
– Sundry debts, to the extent they are not realisable;
– Advances of an unrealisable character;
– Furniture, fixtures, dead stock and stationery;
– Deferred expenses;
– Profit and loss appropriation account balance and any fictitious assets other
than pre-paid expenses;
– Reinsurer’s balances outstanding for more than three months;
– Preliminary expenses in the formation of the company;
• The value of computer equipment including software shall be computed as
under:--
– seventy five per cent. of its cost in the year of purchase;
– fifty per cent. of its cost in the second year;
– twenty-five per cent. of its cost in the third year; and
– zero per cent. thereafter.
 Statement of Assets
Category of Asset  Policyholders'  Shareholders' funds: 
funds: Amount ( in rupees 
lakhs) as per (a) below
    Amount ( in rupees   
lakhs) as per (a) 
below
1 Approved  Securities     
2 Approved Investments    
3 Deposits    
4 Non-Mandated Investments    
5 Other Assets, specify    
6 Total    

7 Fair Value Change Account    
8 (6) - (7)    
 Valuation of Liabilities - Life
Insurance
• Method of Determination of Mathematical Reserves
• Prospective method of valuation :
• to account for all prospective contingencies under which any
premiums (by the policyholder) or benefits (to the
policyholder/beneficiary) may be payable under the policy, as
determined by the policy conditions.
• to account for the cost of any options that may be available to the
policyholder under the terms of the contract.
• the amount of liability under each policy tol be based on prudent
assumptions of all relevant parameters. The value of each such
parameter to based on the insurer’s expected experience and
shall include an appropriate margin for adverse deviations
(hereinafter referred to as MAD) that may result in an increase in
the amount of mathematical reserves.
 Valuation of Liabilities - Life
Insurance
• Gross premium method of valuation:
• premiums payable, if any, benefits payable, if any, on death; benefits
payable, if any, on survival; benefits payable, if any, on voluntary
termination of contract, and the following, if any, :-
• basic benefits,
• rider benefits,
• bonuses that have already been vested as at the valuation date,
• bonuses as a result of the valuation at the valuation date, and
• future bonuses (one year after valuation date) including terminal
bonuses (consistent with the valuation rate of interest);
• commission and remuneration payable, if any, in respect of a policy (This
shall be based on the current practice of the insurer). policy maintenance
expenses, if any, in respect of a policy, as provided under sub-para (4) of
para 5;
• allocation of profit to shareholders, if any, where there is a specified
relationship between profits attributable to shareholders and the bonus
rates declared for policyholders.
• Provided that allowance must be made for tax, if any.
• Provision for Policy Options.
 Valuation Parameters
• The bases on which the future policy cash flows shall be computed and
discounted. Each parameter shall have to be appropriate to the block of
business to be valued. An appointed actuary shall take into consideration
the following,--
– The value(s) of the parameter shall be based on the insurer’s
experience study, where available. If reliable experience study is not
available, the value(s) can be based on the industry study, if available
and appropriate. If neither is available, the values may be based on
the bases used for pricing the product. In establishing the expected
level of any parameter, any likely deterioration in the experience shall
be taken into account;
– The expected level, as determined, shall be adjusted by an
appropriate Margin for Adverse Deviations (MAD), the level of MAD
being dependent on the degree of confidence in the expected level,
and such MAD in each parameter shall be based on the Guidance
Notes issued by the Actuarial Society of India, with the concurrence of
the Authority.
– Valuation rates of interest shall be not higher than the rates of
interest, for the calculation of the present value of policy cash flows
determined from prudent assessment of the yields from existing
assets attributable to blocks of life insurance business, and the yields
which the insurer is expected to obtain from the sums invested in the
future
 Additional Requirements for
Linked Business
• Reserves in respect of linked business shall
consist of two components, namely, unit
reserves and general fund reserves.
• Unit reserves shall be calculated in respect of
the units allocated to the policies in force at the
valuation date using unit values at the
valuation date.
• General fund reserves (non-unit reserves)
shall be determined using a prospective
valuation method
 Additional Requirements for
Provisions
• The appointed actuary shall make aggregate provisions in respect
of the following, where it is not possible to calculate mathematical
reserves for each policy, in the determination of mathematical
reserves:-
– Policies in respect of which extra premiums have been charged on
account of underwriting of under-average lives that are subject to
extra risks such as occupation hazard, over-weight, under-weight,
smoking history, health, climatic or geographical conditions;
– Lapses policies not included in the valuation but under which a liability
exists or may arise;
– Options available under individual and group insurance policies;
– Guarantees available to individual and group insurance policies;
– The rates of exchange at which benefits in respect of policies issued
in foreign currencies have been converted into Indian Rupees and
what provision has been made for possible increase of mathematical
reserves arising from future variations in rates of exchange;
– Other, if any.
 Valuation of Liabilities (General
Insurance)
• Reserve for claims incurred but not reported (IBNR") means the
reserve for claims incurred but not reported on the balance sheet date,
and includes reserve for claims which may be inadequately reserved;
• Reserve for outstanding claims: shall be determined in the following
manner:-
– where the amounts of outstanding claims of the insurers are known, the
amount is to be provided in full;
– where the amounts of outstanding claims can be reasonably estimated
according to the insurer, he may follow the 'case by case method' after
taking into account the explicit allowance for changes in the settlement
pattern or average claim amounts, expenses and inflation;
• Reserve for unexpired risks, shall be, in respect of,---
– Fire business, 50 per cent,
– Miscellaneous business, 50 per cent,
– Marine business other than marine hull business, 50 per cent; and
– Marine hull business, 100 per cent,
of the premium, net of re-insurances, received or receivable during the preceding twelve
months
STATEMENT OF LIABILITIES
Description Reserves for  Reserve for  IBNR Reserves Total 
unexpired  Outstanding  Reserv
risks Claims es

1 Fire        
2 Marine        
Sub class:
Marine Cargo
Marine Hull
3 Miscellaneous        
Sub class:
Motor
Engineering
Aviation
Liabilities
Rural insurance
Others
5 Total Liabilities        
 STATEMENT OF SOLVENCY
MARGIN
• REQUIRED SOLVENCY MARGIN BASED ON NET
PREMIUM AND NET INCURRED CLAIMS
• RSM means Required Solvency Margin and shall be the
higher of the amounts of RSM-1 and RSM-2
• RSM-1 in the table means Required Solvency Margin
based on net premiums, and shall be determined as
twenty per cent. of the amount which is the higher of
the Gross Premiums multiplied by a Factor A and the
Net Premiums.
• RSM-2 in the table means Required Solvency Margin
based on net incurred claims, and shall be determined
as thirty per cent. of the amount which is the higher of
the Gross Net Incurred Claims multiplied by a Factor B
and the Net Incurred Claims.:
AVAILABLE SOLVENCY MARGIN
AND SOLVENCY RATIO
• As per excel sheet
• Solvency ratio
• The solvency ratio of an insurance company is the size
of its capital relative to premium written. The solvency
ratio is (most often) defined as:
• net assets ÷net premium written The solvency ratio is a
measure of the risk an insurer faces of claims that it
cannot absorb. The amount of premium written is a
better measure than the total amount insured because
the level of premiums is linked to the likelihood of claims.
• It is a basic measure of how financially sound an insurer
is, but this simple calculation that does not take into
account the types of business the company does.
• The solvency margin is a minimum excess on an insurer's assets
over its liabilities set by regulators. It can be regarded as similar to
capital adequacy requirements for banks. It is essentially a minimum
level of the solvency ratio, but regulators usually use a slightly more
complex calculation. The current EU requirement is the greatest of:
• 18% of premium written up to €50m plus 16% of premiums above
€50m.
• 26% of claims up to €35m plus 23% of claims above €35m.
• Some other adjustments are also made. Premiums for high risk
classes of business are increased for the purpose of this calculation,
an adjustment is made for reinsurance, etc.
• This requirement is being replaced by "Solvency II". This is a
development that is very similar to the Basel II capital adequacy
requirements for banks, as it will mean a move to more complex risk
models.
• The free asset ratio is net assets adjusted for the solvency margin.
• A solvency measure used by British life
insurance companies, the free asset ratio is:
• (available assets - required minimum margin of
solvency) ÷admissible assets The exact
definition varies and the numbers disclosed by
different companies as headline free asset ratios
may not be comparable. For example, some
companies include future profits. The ratio will
also depend on the assumptions made in
valuing liabilities.
• In general, the higher the ratio, the more surplus
capital a company has available.
• Embedded Value
• The embedded value of a life insurance business is an estimate of
the value of both its net assets and the income stream expected
from policies already in force.
• E = PV + NAV where E is the embedded value,
PV is the present value of future cash flows on policies already in
force and
NAV is the company's NAV with investments valued at market
value.
• The future profits do not include the value of policies that the
company will sell in the future, only those already sold. Policies that
the company can expect to sell in the future are an important
component of the difference between the embedded value and the
actual value of the business to investors.
• European embedded value
• European Embedded Value (EEV) is a standardised calculation of
embedded value and related numbers that is being adopted by
European insurance companies to make their results more
meaningfully comparable.
• The EEV principles provide consistent definitions, actuarial
assumptions and disclosure requirements for EEV.
• Although EEV provides a tighter set of rules and more consistency
between companies, it still leaves a number of important decisions
(such as risk premiums to be used) to individual companies. Given
the complex nature of insurance accounts, investors should not
expect this to mean that comparisons are now easy.
• A key part of EEV is a uniform method of comparing new business
premiums: PVNBP.
• PVNBP
• Present value of new business premiums (PVNBP) is a measure of sales that forms
part of the European Embedded Value accounting principles that have been adopted
in order to provide uniform measures for all European insurers.
• PVNBP is, like annual premium equivalent (APE), a way in which the values of
single and regular premium new business sold during a financial period can be
combined to give a single sales number. It is:
• value of single premiums + present value of regular premium streams There are two
major differences between PVNBP and APE:
• PVNBP adjusts regular premiums to make them comparable with single premiums,
APE does the opposite.
• APE uses a simple adjustment factor, PVNBP uses a more sophisticated
discounted value.
• The first of these is not of great importance. The APE way of doing things gives a
number that is more like the sales number of a trading company and that therefore
may be more intuitive.
• In using a DCF PVNBP is more correct, but it introduces more uncertainties and more
room for manipulation because it requires choosing an appropriate discount rate.