Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Objectives
To understand the concepts of different study design To learn the advantages and disadvantages of several study design
Experimental
Non-experimental Observational
Grounded theory
Randomizes Clinical Trial Non-randomized Clinical Trial Phenomenology
Case report
Quantitative research
a formal, objective, systematic process in which NUMERICAL DATA are utilized to obtain information about the world
Quantitative research
Is used to
- describe variables - examine relationships among variables
- determine cause- and-effect interactions between variables the predominantly used method of scientific
investigation
Qualitative research
a systematic, subjective approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaning not a new idea in social and behavioral sciences
Experimental
Non-experimental Observational
Grounded theory
Randomizes Clinical Trial Non-randomized Clinical Trial Phenomenology
Case report
Analytic epidemiology
Specify the causes of particular disease
Experimental
Non-experimental Observational
Grounded theory
Randomizes Clinical Trial Non-randomized Clinical Trial Phenomenology
Case report
Types of Studies
Experimental: study factor is manipulated by the investigator
Pure vs quasi experimental Laboratory vs real world
Experimental
Non-experimental Observational
Grounded theory
Randomizes Clinical Trial Non-randomized Clinical Trial Phenomenology
Case report
Cross-sectional Study
DM Obese (+) Obese (-)
Obese (+)
Obese (-)
Sample
Non dM
Population
Case control
Starting point
CONCLUSION
Exposure A
With disease
Exposure B
Without disease
Cohort
Starting point
Exposure A
Exposure B
Without disease
Experimental
Non-experimental Observational
Grounded theory
Randomizes Clinical Trial Non-randomized Clinical Trial Phenomenology
Case report
Clinical Trial
Disease
Treatment Sample Population Placebo No No Yes
CONCLUSION
Random selection
Yes
Blinded administration
Case Control
Cohort study
Alternative name
Unit of study
Experimental studies
Randomized controlled trial Field Trials Community Trials
Selection of study design depends on: Research question/problem/objective Time & resources availability Common/rare disease Expected outcome Quality of data Established design
Distribution of bone-fracture location in patient with motorcycle accident admitted to Emergency Room, Hasan Sadikin Hospital.
New emerging disease: Severe Acute pneumonia in children in urban area of Bandung.
Graduate:
Regular physician, Researcher, Pediatritian, Obstetritian, Surgeon, Internal medicine Jakarta, Bandung, Banjaran, Majalengka, Kuningan
Real Problem
Menkes dan Mendiknas 2010
Rasio dokter dengan jumlah penduduk Penyebaran dokter tidak merata, kabupaten masih kekurangan dokter, terutama daerah terpencil
Many researchers have narrowly defined scientific research method to include only quantitative research. This research method is based on the philosophy of logical empiricism
Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. The qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what,where, when. Smaller but focused samples are more often needed, rather than large random samples.
Qualitative research
Qualitative research
seeks TO UNDERSTAND a given research problem or topic from the PERSPECTIVES OF THE LOCAL POPULATION it involves.
Qualitative research is especially effective in obtaining culturally specific information about the values, opinions, behaviors, and social contexts of particular populations
Seek to confirm hypotheses about phenomena Instruments use more rigid style of eliciting and categorizing responses to questions
Use highly structured methods such as questionnaires, surveys, and structured observation
Seek to explore phenomena Instruments use more flexible, iterative style of eliciting and categorizing responses to questions
Use semi-structured methods such as in-depth interviews, focus groups, and participant observation
Closed-ended
Open-ended
Data format
Quantitative Numerical (obtained by assigning numerical values to responses) Qualitative Textual (obtained from audiotapes, videotapes, and field notes)
Some aspects of the study are flexible (for example, the addition, exclusion, or wording of particular interview questions)
Participant responses affect how and which questions researchers ask next Study design is iterative, that is, data collection and research questions are adjusted according to what is learned
Participant responses do not influence or determine how and which questions researchers ask next Study design is subject to statistical assumptions and conditions
1. Phenomenological Research
an inductive, descriptive approach developed from phenomenon
The focus is understanding the response of whole human being, not just specific parts of behaviors
1. Phenomenological Research
The theory developed is grounded or has its roots in the data from which it was derived
3. Ethnographic Research
investigating cultures through an in-depth study of the members of the culture.
attempts to tell the story of peoples daily lives while describing the culture they are a part of ER process is the systematic collection, description, and analysis of data to develop a theory of cultural behavior
3. Ethnographic Research
Using ER different cultures are described, compared and contrasted to add to the understanding of the impact of culture on human behavior and health