1- Hard water has calcium and magnesium salts dissolved in it, causing scum when reacted with soap.

2- They are used for all types of cleaning; but nowadays soap is usually used for personal hygiene while detergents or washing powders are used for most other types of cleaning tasks. 3- One ends of their molecules have a negative charge on them, and are attracted to water molecules. The other ends are repelled by water, but will attract themselves to dirt of grease.

 4- Agitating the clothes assists in the washing process: it makes the dirt break up into tiny bits that are surrounded by detergent molecules and held suspended in the water. 5- Detergent ingredients are complex formulations containing up to more than 25 different ingredients.

 6- Major groups can be: surfactants, builders, bleaching agents, auxiliary agents (additives). 8- Surfactants are water-soluble surface-active agents comprised of a hydrophobic portion attached to hydrophilic or solubility-enhancing functional groups. 9- There are 4 surfactant agents: anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, and amphoteric surfactants.

 10- Anionic surfactants are the most common ingredients in detergents designed for laundry, dishwashing and general cleansing. They refer to permanents anions (sulfate, sulfonate, phosphate) or pH-dependent anions. Anion surfactants include: soap, alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS and TPS), secondary alkane sulfonates, sulfo fatty acid esters (MES), alkyl sulfates (AS) 11- Cationic surfactants are defined as pH-dependent primary, secondary or tertiary amines or permanent charged cations. They include dialkyldimethyl ammonium chlorides, imidazolinium salts, alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chlorides, esterquats 12- Nonionic surfactants are those which do not dissociate in aqueous solutions.

 13- Amphoteric surfactants refer to primary, secondary or tertiary amines or quaternary ammonium cations with: sulfonates, carboxylates, phosphates... 14- Surfactants suitable for detergent use are expected to demonstrate the following characteristics: specific adsorption; excellent soil removal; low sensity to water hardness; good dispersion properties; good soil anti-redeposition capability; high solubility; sufficient wetting power; desirable foam characteristics; neutral odor; low intrinsic color; sufficient storage stability; good handling characteristics; low toxicity to humans; favorable environmental behavior; assured raw material supply; competitive costs. 15- No

 16- Soap are produced from natural products. They are less harmful to human skin and environment. Detergents are synthetic, or man-made. Detergents are used in different types of machines. 17- Soap is a cleaning agent made from the interaction of fats and oils with alkali. 18- Yes. 19- No, they dont. 20- Detergent builders must fulfil a number of criteria such as: elimination of alkaline earth icons orginating from water, textiles, soil; soil and stain removal; multiple wash cycle performance; handling properties; human toxicological safety assurance; environmental properties; cost effectiveness

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