Nose &Paranasal Sinuses: Anatomy and Function

External nose
The base of the nose has two openings

called nostrils , which are separated by the columella Parts

Bony Cartilaginous

Bony part contains

Nasal bone frontal process of maxilla Nasal spine of frontal bone

Cartilaginous part contains

Paired upper lateral cartilage Paired lower lateral cartilage Anterior part of septal cartilage

Nasal cavity
It is 5 to 7 cm in length and 5 cm in height. The different parts are
Roof Floor Medial side and Lateral side

Nasal septum
It is the osteocartilagious partitiion between the two halves of the nasal cavity. The small anterior skin lines area is the membranous septum (columella)

Sinus Anatomy Overview

7 bones 4 paired sinuses 4 turbinates 3 meati Drainage system Nervous supply Vascular supply Related structures

Pediatric Sinuses

Bony Structure
Ethmoid Maxilla Palatine Lacrimal Pterygoid plate of Sphenoid Nasal Inferior Turbinate 9

Arterial Supply

External Carotid Maxillary A. Sphenopalatine Internal Carotid Ophthalmic A. Ant. Ethmoid Post. Ethmoid Supraorbital Supratrochlear

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Innervation

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Neurovascular Supply 12

Sinus Drainage Schema

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Ethmoid Sinus
Development
Present at birth Anterior/Posterior Variability

Structure
Volume/shape Roof Lateral wall

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Ethmoid Roof

Anterior 2/3 Posterior 1/3 Keros I Keros II Keros III

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Ethmoid Cells

Supraorbital, Frontal Bulla, Concha Bullosa, Hallers, Onodi Cells 16

Ethmoid SinusRelated Structures

Basal Lamella of the Middle Turbinate

Three planes Childhood sinus Hiatus Semiluninaris/Superior Hiatus Semilunaris Suprabullar/retrobullar recesses (Sinus Lateralis)

Agger nasi cell

Ethmoid Bulla

Ethmoid Infundibulum/Uncinate Process Anterior/Posterior Ethmoid Arteries Osteomeatal complex

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Basal/Ground Lamella
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Basal/Ground Lamella Of the Middle Turbinate

The Agger Nasi Cell

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Ethmoid Bulla Uncinate Process Hiatus Semilunaris

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Ethmoid Infundibulum

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Suprabullar/Retrobullar Recess

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Ethmoid Arteries

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Osteomeatal Complex
Middle meatus Maxillary Sinus Ostium Anterior Ethmoid Drainage

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Maxillary Sinus
Development
Present at birth Biphasic growth Level of the floor

Structure
Volume & shape Walls, floor, roof

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Maxillary Sinus

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Maxillary Sinus

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Maxillary Sinus
Related Structures
Fontanelles Natural ostium

Hallers Cells &Sinusitis Osteomeatal complex

Accessory Ostium Nasolacrimal duct

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Fontanelles

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Natural Ostium -Hallers cells Accessory Ostium

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Nasolacrimal Duct

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Frontal Sinus
Development

Frontal bone at birth Age 5 Volume and shape Ostium Walls

Structure

Anterior vs. posterior

Related Structures

Frontal recess

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Frontal Sinus
Ostium Frontal recess
Boundaries Dumbbell shape

Sinus Lateralis Frontal Bulla

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Sphenoidal Sinus
Development
Arise within the nasal capsule (no pouch) Age 3 begins to pneumatize

Structure

Volume/variable pneumatization Wall thickness Position within the sphenoid

Relation to sella turcica Sellar and postsellar relationships

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Sphenoid Sinus Pneumatization

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Sphenoid Sinus

Sphenoid Sinus

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Sphenoid Sinus

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Sphenoid Sinus
Ostium

Size (.5-4mm) Location (sinus floor, anterior nasal floor, anterior sinus wall, superior turbinate, cribiform plate) Bony dehiscence Sphenoethmoidal recess Sphenoid rostrum Onodi cell

Related Structures

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Sphenoid Ostium Sphenoethmoid Recess Sphenoid Rostrum

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The Onodi Cell

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Microscopic Anatomy
Mucosa

Cilliated columnar epithelial cells

Anatomy Beat frequency Inhibitory effects of contact

Noncilliated columnar cells

Distribution Function

Basal cells

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Microscopic AnatomyContd
Goblet Cells
Glycoproteinsviscosity and elasticity Innervation (para=thick, symp=thin)

Basement membrane

Submucosal glands

Distribution

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Microscopic Anatomy

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Mucous Blanket
Two layers
Superficial layer Sol layer

Function
Superficial layer traps bacteria and particulate matter. Enzymes, antibodies, immune cells

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Mucociliary Transport
Directional Flow of Mucous

Toward the choanae Hilding, MD

Ostium drainagea stubborn beast

Contact inhibition
Hallers cells Surgery

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Mucociliary Transport

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Function of Paranasal Sinuses

Humidifying and warming inspired air Regulation of intranasal pressure Increasing surface area for olfaction Lightening the skull Resonance Absorbing shock Contribute to facial growth 47

New Frontiers
Sleep apnea and the sinuses

Humidification contributes up to 6.9mm Hg serum pO2 Mouth breathers noted to have decreased end-tital CO2increased serum CO2apneas (high baseline) NO produced primarily in sinuses Toxic to bacteria, fungi, viruses Increases cilliary motility

Nitric Oxide (NO)

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Case Report
39 yom with h/o sinus disease c/o headache, rhinorrhea. PMHx of sinus surgery years ago ROS reveals h/o two episodes of meningitis in past few years PE: right superior nasal mass. S/p FESS. Clear rhinorrhea. 49

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References
Anon, Jack B., et al, Anatomy of the Paranasal Sinuses, Theime, New York, c1996. Bhatt, Nikhil J., Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: New Horizons, Singular Publishing Group, Inc., San Diego, c1997. Bailey, Byron J., et al, Head & Neck Surgery -- Otolaryngology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, c2001. Lundberg, J., Weitzberg, E. Nasal Nitric Oxide in Man. Thorax 1999; 54(10):947-952. McCaffrey, Thomas V., Rhinologic Diagnosis and Treatment, Thieme, New York, c1997. Marks, Steven C. Nasal and Sinus Surgery, W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, c2000. Navarro, Joao A.C., The Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses, Springer, Berlin, c2001. Watelet, J.B., Cauwenberge P. Van, Applied Anatomy and Physiology of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses. Allergy 1999; 54, Supp 57:14-25.

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